Character of Jason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Character of Jason - Essay Example AS the paper highlights the patient was advised to undergo chemotherapy which can assist in eliminating the cancer cells, also, Burkitt’s lymphoma responds quickly to radiation and chemotherapy especially if the patient is still young. In a span of two years, the patient’s life was filled with emotional moments as he struggles with anxiety, sadness, anger, and depression , shock and disbelief which are not uncommon for young patients who have cancer. According to Astin, Shapito and Eisenberg ( 2003) cancer as well as the treatments prescribed greatly affects the patients: From this paper it is clear that since the character was just a young child, his main concern was fear of death. His energy levels had been adversely affected by chemotherapy. The patient experienced severe weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and the depression of the immune system. For a child, this is a harrowing experience since the treatment itself seems like the disease. It is painful and depressing. Nevertheless, the American Cancer Society in the online article Children Diagnosed With Cancer: Dealing With Diagnosis recommends some guidelines that would help a child patient cope with cancer. The suggestions were specifically suited for children ages 6-12 : It is therefore crucial for parents to be honest in dealing with their child about the nature of the disease. The child must be fully informed about his/her situation and must not feel isolated from any information regarding his health. It was also suggested that the patient record his feelings or thoughts through writing or drawing.  

Origins of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Origins of Psychology Essay This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900’s and paved the way for modern psychology in the early 1900’s. This theory deals with the deep, inner and mysterious core of the human psyche, in search of understanding the psychology of the human being. It is also closely connected with evolutionary perspectives on personality. Behaviorist : The primary focus of the behavioral perspective is on behavior and the influence of the external environment in shaping of the individual’s behavior. Teaching, therefore, refers to the environmental conditions that are arranged and presented to students. Some of the key behaviorist theorists in the field of psychology are viz. , John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and E. L. Thorndike. Teachers who draw from behaviorist theory tend towards active learning (or learning by doing). The teacher determines all of the skills needed to achieve the desired behavior and students learn them in a step-by-step manner. Humanist : The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which translates into YOU, and your perception of your experiences. This veiw argues that you are free to choose your own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. Issues dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfillment, and needs are paramount. The major focus is to facilitate personal development. Two major theorists associated with this view are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Cognitive : The school of psychology that examines internal mental processes, such as creativity, perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response (Garvey,1999) Neuro-scientific / Bio-psychological : The neuro-scientific framework seeks to relate behavior and mind to the brain. The important overall point of a neuro-scientific perspective is that analyses of normal or abnormal function need to be informed by an understanding of the brain structures and processes that implement the function. Psychiatrists need to monitor emerging work that highlights the need for both a neuro-scientific and medical perspective in the management of complex disorders. Evolutionary : Evolutionary psychology is the science that seeks to explain through universal mechanisms of behavior why humans act the way they do. Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the problem-solving mechanisms they created to meet those particular challenges. From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the science then attempts to establish the common roots of our ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of the planet. The goal is to understand human behavior that is universally aimed at the passing of ones genes into the next generation. Socio-cultural : The social-cultural perspective concentrates on the culture of a group of individuals or society as a whole rather than the individual. To understand why people tend to show certain behavior traits, mental health clinicians look at what affects the community as a group of individuals might have on their own thought processes. Some of the questions pondered are if a person behaves a certain way to be accepted or commits an act because it is accepted amongst their society.

A Comparison of Camaraderie in Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men Essa

Camaraderie in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, two novels published concurrently by John Steinbeck, both depict camaraderie between dust bowl migrants. The main characters in Of Mice and Men, George and Lennie, form a bond, while struggling to reach their goal, a small farm. Similarly, Jim Casy of The Grapes of Wrath befriends Tom Joad, a friendship eventually uplifting the whole migrant community. Outwardly, the two relationships may seem to parallel each other. In reality, these alliances differ greatly. Consequently, in Of Mice and Men, friendship leads to destruction, in The Grapes of Wrath, salvation. Starkly contrasting George and Lennie's relationship in Of Mice and Men to Tom and Jim Casy's in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck unquestionably shows that camaraderie decides an individual's fate.    To begin, George and Lennie interact quite differently from Tom and Casy; the former share a master-slave relationship, while the latter, a more equal relationship. For instance, George orders Lennie to â€Å"say nothing†(6), upon reaching the ranch where they will work, fearing that if â€Å"[the boss] finds out what a crazy bastard [Lennie is], [they] won't get no job†(6). Lennie obeys. Later on, when Lennie innocently calls Curley's wife, the flirtatious daughter-in-law of the ranch owner, â€Å"purty†(32), George fiercely admonishes Lennie to not â€Å"even look at that bitch†(32), once again demonstrating a master-slave relationship. In contrast, Tom and Casy, engage in an equal relationship; in fact, Tom candidly tells Casy, a one-time preacher, now philosopher, his opinion of Casy's philosophy, throughout The Grapes of Wrath. For example, when Casy explains to Tom his idea that ... ...es in Tom and Lennie, respectively. However, Tom changes from a hedonistic individual to a martyr for the â€Å"Okie†(280) peoples; contrastingly, George affects a negative change is Lennie. Lennie, who has some degree of free will initially, becomes completely dependent upon George. In both cases, the old adage, â€Å"Beware of the company you keep† holds true, for the company the characters keep eventually transforms them for the better or for the worse.    Works Cited Owens, Louis. "Of Mice and Men: The Dream of Commitment." Modern Critical Views on John Steinbeck. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 145 - 149. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Group, 1993. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1992. DeMott, Robert. "Introduction". The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1992: vii-xliv.    A Comparison of Camaraderie in Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men Essa Camaraderie in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, two novels published concurrently by John Steinbeck, both depict camaraderie between dust bowl migrants. The main characters in Of Mice and Men, George and Lennie, form a bond, while struggling to reach their goal, a small farm. Similarly, Jim Casy of The Grapes of Wrath befriends Tom Joad, a friendship eventually uplifting the whole migrant community. Outwardly, the two relationships may seem to parallel each other. In reality, these alliances differ greatly. Consequently, in Of Mice and Men, friendship leads to destruction, in The Grapes of Wrath, salvation. Starkly contrasting George and Lennie's relationship in Of Mice and Men to Tom and Jim Casy's in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck unquestionably shows that camaraderie decides an individual's fate.    To begin, George and Lennie interact quite differently from Tom and Casy; the former share a master-slave relationship, while the latter, a more equal relationship. For instance, George orders Lennie to â€Å"say nothing†(6), upon reaching the ranch where they will work, fearing that if â€Å"[the boss] finds out what a crazy bastard [Lennie is], [they] won't get no job†(6). Lennie obeys. Later on, when Lennie innocently calls Curley's wife, the flirtatious daughter-in-law of the ranch owner, â€Å"purty†(32), George fiercely admonishes Lennie to not â€Å"even look at that bitch†(32), once again demonstrating a master-slave relationship. In contrast, Tom and Casy, engage in an equal relationship; in fact, Tom candidly tells Casy, a one-time preacher, now philosopher, his opinion of Casy's philosophy, throughout The Grapes of Wrath. For example, when Casy explains to Tom his idea that ... ...es in Tom and Lennie, respectively. However, Tom changes from a hedonistic individual to a martyr for the â€Å"Okie†(280) peoples; contrastingly, George affects a negative change is Lennie. Lennie, who has some degree of free will initially, becomes completely dependent upon George. In both cases, the old adage, â€Å"Beware of the company you keep† holds true, for the company the characters keep eventually transforms them for the better or for the worse.    Works Cited Owens, Louis. "Of Mice and Men: The Dream of Commitment." Modern Critical Views on John Steinbeck. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 145 - 149. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Group, 1993. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1992. DeMott, Robert. "Introduction". The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1992: vii-xliv.   

Living at Home Versus Living in an Apartment Essay

People do not realize how different living at home and living in an apartment is until they compare the two. Other people don’t realize it until they are actually out on their own. There are many differences when a person is living at home compared to living in an apartment. In this essay we will look at the differences of the two. One difference between living at home and living in an apartment is how the bills get paid. When living at home parents or whoever the person lives with pays all the bills and buys all the food. Even if the person has to pay for anything while living at home, I’m sure it is just a small portion of what all the bills come out to be. When living in an apartment the person has to pay their own bills and buy your own food. This means that they have to find somewhere that is affordable for them. Some apartments have bills like electricity, water, and sewer/garbage included in the rent. If the person needs help buying food they have a program out there that they can sign up for food stamps at the local social services office. They also have places that have food pantries that gives people a food basket. Some towns also have a place for people to go and eat like the Salvation Army or a church. This is one major difference of living at home versus living in an apartment. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is making sure the person has everything they need. When living at home with the person’s parents or whoever they live with, they already have or have bought all the necessities that they will need for a place like furniture, pots and pans, cleaning supplies, stuff for hygiene, etc. When a person is living in an apartment they have to buy everything that they are going to need for the apartment. That means that the person has to go out and buy their own furniture and everything else that they want for their place. A person can watch for garage sales or even go check out some thrift stores. The Salvation Army gives a person a voucher to go to their store and get some stuff for their new place if they have it in stock. They even help out with furniture to. Some stuff the person will probably want brand new like their silverware and dishes. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is all about how clean the place is. When someone lives at home or with whomever they live with they usually want their place nice and clean. They want everyone that lives there to help with the cleaning and to maintain a clean home. When a person lives in an apartment they are the one that decides when to clean the place. Also they are the one to decide how clean they want their place and if they are going to try and maintain a clean place. Some people like their house spotless while others don’t really care if their place is clean or not. Maintaining a clean home means a lot to others when they come over to visit. The final difference between living at home and living in an apartment is being independent. When a person is living at home they have rules to follow. Some rules may be easy to follow like cleaning up after oneself, help with the cooking, and maintain a job or go to school. Other rules may be harder to follow like if the person has a certain time to be home and if certain people that they hang out with are not allowed to be at the person’s house they are staying at because they don’t like or get along with them. When a person is living in an apartment they are on their own. They are the one that picks the rules. When living in an apartment a person can come and go as they please. Also they can do whatever they want. Just be careful when living in a person’s own apartment because some people go crazy and have all kinds of parties. If the neighbors call the cops the landlord has a right to evict them. If they get evicted it makes it hard for them to get an apartment the next time they are looking for one. In conclusion, everybody now has some of the differences between living at home and living in an apartment. It’s all up to them to decide if they want to stay living at home or move into an apartment. Everybody has their own way of thinking and choosing what they want to do. If they want to move into an apartment a person could keep an eye out for stuff they will need so they will have it by the time they move.

Cricket World Cup

Abstract Cricket World Cup is the biggest international event of cricket. The first Cricket World Cup was played during 1975 in England (www. wikipedia. org). The first three matches were also recognized as Prudential Cup with the sponsorship of prudential plc, it is a pecuniary services company. Till the1992 Cricket World Cup, only 8 teams used to participate in the tournament. Later on, the number of teams increased and in Cricket World Cup2007, 16 teams had participated. But in 2011 Cricket World Cup 14 teams are participating. IntroductionCricket is a sport that has been played around the world for more than eight centuries. It is one of the most well-loved and feverishly watched sports in the  world. It involves two teams with 11 players on each side. The captain who wins the toss decides whether his team bats or bowls first. If they bat first, their aim is to score a lot of runs and make sure the other team does not reach that score. Cricket is played in many formats, but the most popular are Test cricket And One Day cricket. In Test cricket game goes on for 5 days, with each team batting twice – if time permits.One Day is the most popular format, with each team getting 300 balls to score runs. And the other team tries to outscore them within the same number of balls. One-day cricket originally began between English County teams in the 1960's. The first one-day international was played in Melbourne, Australia, in 1971, with the quadrennial  Cricket World Cup  began in 1975. The Cricket World Cup is organized by the sport's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC). The tournament is the world's fourth-largest and fourth-most-viewed sporting event. HistoryThe first attempt at any kind of world championship was in 1912, when a three-way series was arranged between the then current Test playing nations, Australia, England and South Africa. No similar events were held again until 1975. The first ICC World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was in1975, hosted by England (see full list of host countries). This tournament included the six Test-playing nations (England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India and Pakistan), who were joined by Sri Lanka and East Africa. Following the success of this tournament, it was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England.After this, the tournament moved to be played in other countries, maintaining a four-year cycle. 60 overs were used for the first three world cups. This was reduced to 50 in 1987 and has been that way since. Women also participate in another Cricket World cup since 1975. Cricket World Cup Hosting Nations England, 1975 This was the first ever Cricket World Cup, officially called the Prudential Cup, and was held from June 7 to June 21, 1975 in England. The tournament was held in England as it was considered the only nation at the time that had the resources to stage an event of such magnitude.The matches played consisted of 60 overs per team. Unlike today, all players wore a traditional white uniform and red balls were used. There were also no night games. There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o East Africa (composed of players from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams. The top two teams from each group played the semifinals, and the winners of these played the final.The final was played at the Lords ground, between West Indies and Australia, with the favorites the West Indies winning by 17 runs. The West Indies scored 291 runs in 60 overs at a loss of 8 wickets. In reply Australia made 274 runs in 58. 4 overs all out. England, 197 England, 1979 †¢ This was the second Cricket World CUP (called the Prudential Cup), held in England between June 9 to June 23, 1979. †¢ The format of games was the same as in the 1975 World Cup (preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams, with the top two teams in each group playing the semifinals, and the winners of these playing the final). The final was played at the Lord's cricket ground in London between the West Indies and England. The West Indies won by 92 runs. They batted first and made 286 runs in 60 overs at a loss of 9 wickets. In reply, England made 194 runs before being all out after 51 overs. New Zealand and Pakistan were the other semifinalists. †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Canada †¢ This tournament saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy, a competition used to determine which non-Test playing teams qualified for the World Cup.England, 1983 †¢ This was the third Cricket World Cup (Called the Prudential Cup). The tournament was held in England for the third consecutive time, between 9 and 25 June 1983. †¢ The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 each as in the previous two tournaments, t hough this time each country played the other teams in its group twice. The top two teams in each group qualified for the semifinals, and the winners of this played the final †¢ The final was played between India and the West Indies at the Lords ground in England. India scored 183 runs in 54. 4 overs all out.In reply, the West Indies made 140 runs in 52 overs all out, with India winning by 43 runs. †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Zimbabwe (http://www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/) India & Pakistan, 1987 †¢ This was the fourth World Cup event (called the Reliance Cup) †¢ It was held jointly in India and Pakistan, held from October 9 to November 8, 1987 †¢ It was the first World Cup held outside of England. †¢ The format was unchanged from previous World Cups, except for a eduction in the number of overs a team played from 60 to 50. à ¢â‚¬ ¢ The final was played between Australia and England at the Eden Gardens stadium in Calcutta India. Australia made 253 in their 50 overs with a loss of 5 wickets. In reply, England came up just short, making 246 in their 50 overs for a loss of 8 wickets. Australia winning by 7 runs. †¢ Australian David Boon was man of the final match, and the winning captain was Allan Border †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o ZimbabweAustralia and New Zealand, 1992 †¢ This was the fifth World Cup event and the first tournament held in the Southern hemisphere. It was also the first tournament to feature an African Test nation, South Africa. †¢ This was the first time day/night matches were used and the first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms. †¢ The leading run scorer of the tournament was Martin Crowe of New Zealand with 456 runs. †¢ The leading wi cket taker of the tournament was Wasim Akram of Pakistan with 16 wickets †¢ The format for this tournament changed from previous years.All teams were in one group and played each other once, rather than in two groups. The top four qualified for the knockout stage which was contested in similar fashion to the previous events. †¢ The final was played between Pakistan and England in Melbourne, Australia. Pakistan made 249 runs in 50 overs for 6 Wickets, compared to England's total of 227 runs in 49. 2 all out. Pakistan won by 22 Runs. India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka, 1996 †¢ At the World Cup in 1996, Australia and West Indies refused to play their matches against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka due to security concerns, causing both matches to be awarded to Sri Lanka by default.Also, Sri Lanka was awarded a victory for their semi-final by default against India because of crowd riots. This aided their campaign which eventually led to them winning the final. †¢ The final was playe d between Sri Lanka and Australia in Lahore, Pakistan. Australia made 241 runs in 50 overs for a loss of 7 wickets. In reply, Sri Lanka made 245 runs in 46. 2 overs losing only 3 wickets on the way. The final result: Sri Lanka by 7 wickets. Eden Garden Stadium (Kolkata) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup) England, 1999 †¢ The 1999 event returned to England after sixteen years. Some matches also held in Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands. †¢ This tournament has a similar group stage format as 1996, though there was a dramatic change in the second stage, where a â€Å"Super Six† round replaced the quarter-finals. †¢ One of the greatest matches in the ICC World Cup history was the Australia and South Africa tied game in their semi-final. †¢ The final was played between Australia and Pakistan at Lords, London. Australia made 133 runs in 20. 1 overs for 2 wickets; in reply Pakistan made 132 All out in 39 Overs. Australia won by 8 Wickets. (http://breakingnewsonline. et/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) South Africa, Zimbabwe & Kenya, 2003 †¢ The 2003 World Cup was held between 9 February and 24 March 2003, in Southern Africa (co-hosted by South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya). †¢ The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen. †¢ Because of security concerns, Zimbabwe and Kenya won their matches against England and New Zealand by default. †¢ The Final was played between Australia and India on 23 March in Johannesburg, South Africa. †¢ Australia batted first and made 359 runs in 50 overs losing only 2 wickets.In reply India made 234 after being all out in 39. 2 overs. Australia was crowned champions after beating India by 125 runs. Wanderers Stadium (South Africa) (http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) West Indies, 2007 †¢ The 2007 ICC World Cup of Cricket was held in April 2007. It was the 9th World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the West Indies. †¢ The tournament consisted of 16 teams, including all 10 Test playing nations and 6 qualifiers. The 10 Test match playing countries plus Kenya qualified automatically.The other five teams qualified via the 2005 ICC Trophy. The field of sixteen teams is the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup. †¢ The 16 teams were allocated into four groups of four. Within each group, the teams played each other in a round-robin format and the top two teams advanced to a ‘Super 8' round. These eight teams then played in a round-robin format, except that they did not play the other team that advanced from their respective group. The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals, and the winners of the semi-finals then ompeted in the final, held at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, on 28 April. †¢ The first hat-trick plus one (4 wickets in 4 balls) in World Cup history was by Sri Lan kan Lasith Malinga against South Africa (Super Eights: South Africa v Sri Lanka at Providence, March 28, 2007) Bangladesh, India & Sri Lank a, 2011 †¢ The 2011 Cricket World Cup was held in Bangladesh, India & Sri Lanka. It was World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the Bangladesh. †¢ Pakistan was originally going to co-host this event but due to security concerns in the years leading up to the event Pakistan’s hosting rights were revoked. The format of the tournament has been revised from previous events, and 14 teams will participate instead of 16. †¢ The new format ensures that each team gets to play a minimum of six matches even if they are ruled out of the tournament due to early defeats. [pic] Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium. Mirpur, Dhaka (Outside Part) (http://dhakadailyphoto. blogspot. com/2011/02/dhaka-set-for-world-cup-cricket-2011. html) Cricket World Cup Firsts 1. The first world cup was held in 1975 in England. 2. The first wor ld cup held outside England was in 1987 in India and Pakistan 3. The first time day/night matches was used was in 1992. . The first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms was 1992. 5. The first tournament to feature an African Test nation, South Africa, was in 1992. 6. The first team to remain undefeated throughout the whole tournament was Australia in 2003. They repeated this feat in the 2007 tournament. 7. The first hat-trick at the World Cup was by Indian Chetan Sharma in a game against New Zealand in 1987 www. images. google. com Chetan Sharma Trophy †¢ The current Trophy awarded to the winners of the ICC Cricket World Cup was created for the 1999 championships.It is the first permanent prize in the tournament's history. †¢ The trophy was developed by a team of craftsmen from Garrard, the Crown Jewelers. It was designed and produced in London within two months. Cricket World Cup Trophy †¢ The trophy is 60 cm high, made from silver and gild and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as stumps and bails, represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket: batting, bowling and fielding, while the globe represents the world and a cricket ball. The trophy is designed so that it can be instantly recognized from any angle. The trophy weighs approximately 11 kilograms and has the names of the previous winners inscribed on its base. There is still room for a further ten teams to have their name inscribed on the base. †¢ The actual trophy is always kept by the International Cricket Council. A replica is presented to the winning team, which is identical in all aspects apart from the inscription of the previous champions. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy) Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992, one player has been declared as â€Å"Man of the Tournament† at the end of the World Cup finals: Year |Player |Performance details | |1992 |Martin Crowe |456 runs | |1 996 |Sanath Jayasuria |221 runs and 7 wickets | |1999 |Lance Kluserner |281 runs and 17 wickets | |2003 |Sachin Tendulker |673 runs and 2 wickets | |2007 |Glen McGrath |26 wickets | |2011 |Yuvraj Singh |362 runs and 15 wickets | (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards) ConclusionCricket World Cup is the most premier international championship of men’s One Day International Cricket. It has huge fan following in the world, especially in South Asia. In South Asia cricket is like religion . When ever world cup comes to the people of this region gone mad. Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One-Day International cricket has become more established. References http://www. wikipedia. org http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup http://cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-histor y/ http://www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ 1987_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards ———————– Lords Cricket Ground [pic] [pic] (http://cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-history/) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup)

effects of marijuna essays

effects of marijuna essays Cannabis Sativa (marijuana) has been thought to be an illegal and very harmful drug for many years. But as you read this report you will learn that marijuana has been around for many years (most years legal) and isn't as harmful as some people may think. Marijuana has been used for many things in the past, including medicine, hemp rope, crude cloth and enjoyment. Now it is mainly used as a narcotic. Marijuana is an illegal weed that grows up to eighteen feet tall with little or no cultivation. The plant has many branches that extend with large, hairy, pointed leaves with saw tooth edges. Marijuana grows wild all over the world and in some states and countries it's legal. Cloth and rope are made from the stem which contains a tough fiber called "hence." The mind-altering drug in marijuana is called "Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannibinol," or THC. The mildest form of marijuana contains between zero to three percent of THC. Most of the THC is contained in the resign, which is secreted around the flowers, seeds, and topmast leaves. Until recently it was thought that only the female plant contained the drug. But it is now known that both the female and the male plants contain THC. THC stays in the body for about 28 days. Marijuana can be prepared many different ways therefore it has many different ways of entering the body. When smoked the THC goes into the lungs, directly into the bloodstream and to every cell in your body. The effects depend upon the level of potency and how much is consumed. The main effects of smoking are: the heart rate may increase from 80 beats to 150 beats a minute, the bronchial tubes enlarge and become relaxed allowing extra oxygen to enter the body, giving a "High" like feeling. There are no immediate physiological effects. The feeling usually lasts from one to three hours. Marijuana can also be ingested as a drink, cakes, brownies or many other foods. When consumed in foods the effects start after one half-hour and ...

Modeling DNA - Structure, Function and Replication

Modeling DNA - Structure, Function and Replication Constructing DNA models is a great way to learn about DNA structure, function, and replication. DNA models are representations of the structure of DNA. These representations can be physical models created from almost any type of material or they can be computer generated models. DNA Models: Background Information DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is housed within the nucleus of our cells and contains the genetic information for the reproduction of life. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in the 1950s. DNA is a type of macromolecule known as a nucleic acid. It is shaped like a twisted double helix and is composed of long strands of alternating sugars and phosphate groups, as well as nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine). DNA controls cellular activity by coding for the production of enzymes and proteins. The information in DNA is not directly converted into proteins, but must first be copied into RNA in a process called transcription.​ DNA Model Ideas DNA models can be constructed from almost anything including candy, paper, and even jewelry. An important thing to remember when constructing your model is to identify the components you will use to represent the nucleotide bases, sugar molecule, and phosphate molecule. When connecting the nucleotide base pairs be sure to connect the ones that pair naturally in DNA. For example, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. Here are some excellent activities for constructing DNA models: How to Make a DNA Model Using CandyCardboard DNA ModelsDNA Jewelry ModelKNEX DNA Models DNA Models: Science Projects For those interested in using DNA models for science fair projects, remember that simply constructing a model is not an experiment. Models may be used, however, to enhance your project.

Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist

Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist Sir Isaac Newton (Jan. 4, 1643–March 31, 1727) was a superstar of physics, math, and astronomy even in his own time. He occupied the chair of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in England, the same role later filled, centuries later, by Stephen Hawking. Newton conceived of several laws of motion, influential mathematical principals which, to this day, scientists use to explain how the universe works. Fast Facts: Sir Isaac Newton Known For: Developed laws that explain how the universe worksBorn: Jan. 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, EnglandParents: Isaac Newton, Hannah AyscoughDied: March 20, 1727 in Middlesex, EnglandEducation: Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1665)Published Works: De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas (1669, published 1711), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Opticks (1704)Awards and Honors: Fellowship of the Royal Society  (1672), Knight Bachelor (1705)Notable Quote: If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. Early Years and Influences Newton was born in 1642 in a manor house in Lincolnshire, England. His father had died two months before his birth. When Newton was 3 his mother remarried and he remained with his grandmother. He was not interested in the family farm, so he was sent to Cambridge University to study. Newton was born just a short time after the death of  Galileo, one of the greatest scientists of all time. Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth as people thought at the time. Newton was very interested in the discoveries of Galileo and others. Newton thought the universe worked like a machine and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Galileo, he realized that mathematics was the way to explain and prove those laws. Laws of Motion Newton formulated laws of motion and gravitation. These laws are math formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them. Newton published his most famous book, Principia, in 1687 while he was a mathematics professor at Trinity College in Cambridge. In Principia, Newton explained three basic laws that govern the way objects move. He also described his theory of gravity, the force that causes things to fall down. Newton then used his laws to show that the planets revolve around the suns in orbits that are oval, not round. The three laws are often called Newton’s Laws. The first law states that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed. For example, if someone is riding a bike and jumps off before the bike is stopped, what happens? The bike continues on until it falls over. The tendency of an object to remain still or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called inertia. The second law explains how a force acts on an object. An object accelerates in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bike and pushes the pedals forward, the bike will begin to move. If someone gives the bike a push from behind, the bike will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals, the bike will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bike will change direction. The third law states that if an object is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull equally in the opposite direction. If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up. The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The weight is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor also presses upward with an equal force. If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force, the lifter would fly up in the air. Importance of Gravity When most people think of Newton, they think of him sitting under an apple tree observing an apple fall to the ground. When he saw the apple fall, Newton began to think about a specific kind of motion called gravity. Newton understood that gravity was a force of attraction between two objects. He also understood that an object with more matter or mass exerted the greater force or pulled smaller objects toward it. That meant that the large mass of the Earth pulled objects toward it. That is why the apple fell down instead of up and why people don’t float in the air. He also thought that maybe gravity was not just limited to the Earth and the objects on the earth. What if gravity extended to the Moon and beyond? Newton calculated the force needed to keep the Moon moving around the earth. Then he compared it with the force that made the apple fall downward. After allowing for the fact that the Moon is much farther from the Earth and has a much greater mass, he discovered that the forces were the same and that the Moon is also held in orbit around Earth by the pull of earth’s gravity. Disputes in Later Years and Death Newton moved to London in 1696 to accept the position of warden of the Royal Mint. For many years afterward, he argued with Robert Hooke over who had actually discovered the connection between elliptical orbits and the inverse square law, a dispute that ended only with Hookes death in 1703. In 1705, Queen Anne bestowed a knighthood upon Newton, and thereafter he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. He continued his work, particularly in mathematics. This led to another dispute in 1709, this time with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. They both quarreled over which of them had invented calculus. One reason for Newtons disputes with other scientists was his overwhelming fear of criticism, which led him to write, but then postpone publication of, his brilliant articles until after another scientist created similar work. Besides his earlier writings, De  Analysi (which didnt see publication until 1711) and Principia (published in 1687), Newtons publications included Optics (published in 1704), The Universal Arithmetic (published in 1707), the Lectiones Opticae (published in 1729), the Method of Fluxions (published in 1736), and the Geometrica Analytica (printed in 1779). On March 20, 1727, Newton died near London. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to receive this honor.   Legacy Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. Prior to Newton, no one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. What held them in place? People had thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Newton proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity and that the force of gravity was affected by distance and mass. While he was not the first person to understand that the orbit of a planet was elongated like an oval, he was the first to explain how it worked. Sources â€Å"Isaac Newtons Life.†Ã‚  Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.â€Å"Isaac Newton Quotes.†Ã‚  BrainyQuote, Xplore.â€Å"Sir Isaac Newton.†Ã‚  StarChild, NASA.

Impact of Recession on the UK Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Impact of Recession on the UK Economy - Essay Example It was around that time when the government realized the seriousness of the issue. There are indications that things might be looking up, as we move along with the range of stimulus packages. The unemployment rate in the UK experienced a dip of 0.1 percent and it stood at 7.8 percent in January 2010. But this figure is still 1.6 percent higher than that of last year, which makes thinks worrisome for the government (HRM Guide, 2010). Official figures indicate that the average earnings in the UK have certainly bounced back in the recent past.1 Fig-1 indicates that there are indeed some recovery signals in the economy, as the earning potential of an average Briton is coming back to the comfort zone. What could be of some concern however is, the falling graph of earnings in the latter part of 2009. Monk (2009) also cites the October 2009 figures from the Office for National Statistics to highlight the higher number of borrowings in the UK. The figure stood at 11.4bn in October, far higher than the forecast figure of 7.1bn. The consistent increase of net debt as a percentage of the GDP over the last couple of years has made UK economy more of a debt economy. OCED has also issued warnings to the effect that the UK needs to put in place its fiscal measures to unburden itself from the pile of debt. It was predicted by some analysts in 2008 when the initial signals of the recession started emerging that during the coming two years UK economy would be experiencing its weakest patch of the last 15 years (BBC, 2008). Well, if trace the journey of the recession, these concerns seem to have come true. Taking a historical perspective UK had a population of 38 million with GDP of just under 125 billion at constant 1995 market prices. By the end of the century, the population stood at 59 million with an increase of more than 50 percent while the GDP stood at 800 billion, registering a fivefold increase (Lindsay, 2003). The benefits of globalization seem to have percolated down to all sections of the society in good measure.

Intervention & Evaluation Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intervention & Evaluation Plan - Research Paper Example These are the issues behind the necessity of the program, which are always measurable, observable, and specific in their nature. Basing on domains as illustrated by Bloom (1956), the program outlines tactics of handling patients suffering from bloodstream diseases. The main objective of this intervention program is educating the elderly people on the various ways of managing and preventing CLABSI at home. This program will provide the various ways and techniques by which the elderly can prevent CLABSI at home. In addition, it provides a chance for the care unit to exercise their physical skills in line with preventing the diseases and curbing the same in case of already existing patients (psychomotor). Through the implementation of the above objectives, the project will create a suitable environment of preventing the rate of spread of central line associated bloodstream diseases among the elderly group among family members. Similarly, it will encourage those who are suffering from the disease from losing hope at a very early stage. Therefore, it will reduce the rate at which the target group contracts the infection. This refers to methods and technologies that an intervention plan provides in line with the aims and objectives. During my stay in the community health IV infusion field program, I discovered that there has been a plan that has not been effective. I conducted several questionnaires to about two responsible people in every family among the 10 I chose. I realized that the current plan was brief on the strategies that may efficiently comply with the objectives of a good intervention plan. In fact, its objectives could not be achieved in the shortest period possible. From the research findings, areas that required more attention than others were determined. Therefore, this formed the necessity for this proposed intervention. This plan has been structured to replace the ineffective programs that are in place. It offers

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

SWOT Analysis - Essay Example The major strength of the Walt Disney Company is its wide product portfolio, which provides it with a huge and diversified product portfolio. The diverse products include; 14 theme parks globally, ABC broadcast television services, cable television services like Disney Channel, and merchandising products. The main weakness of the company is based on the inappropriate or insensitive production content. Some animated family productions have hidden sexual representations; for example, The Lion King (1994). The significant opportunity entails increasing international demand for cable, television and film entertainment products. Adequate financial capital of the company ensures investments in international marketing strategies and products, for the products of the company. The key threat experienced by the company entails intense competition in the global entertainment industry. The major competitor organization is Comcast, which is the leading revenue earner in the broadcast and cable entertainment industry (Gabler 276). Walt Disney Company has put in place effective measures of using the strengths and opportunities, so as to minimize the negative impact of the weaknesses and threats. The wide product portfolio attract huge international customer base, and thus minimize competition and creates products that suits individual needs of customers. Increasing international demand increases market share of the company. Adequate financial investments should thus be made in product development and

Ethics, Professionalism and Contemporary Issues Essay

Ethics, Professionalism and Contemporary Issues - Essay Example Throughout the design steps, there were minor considerations of the possible risks this game poses to the players, as far as human trafficking is concerned. However, a concerned player of my online game, who is concerned with the human trafficking issue, raised his genuine concerns about my game predisposing the young players to human trafficking, after being lured into the real world meetings. The concerns of this player should not be neglected, but considered seriously. This is because, with the sophistication of technology, human trafficking has taken advantage and flourished. As it is globally known, human trafficking is the illegal trade of people with the objective of selling them to forced labor, sexual slavery or tissue or organ extraction. Human trafficking is done through coercion, use of force, abduction, purchases or deception (Latonero 8). It has grown to be a lucrative business for some people despite being illegal and inhumane. This implies that users of the internet a nd other technologies ought to be cautious. How Technology has aided it Human trafficking is rampant especially through technology. Many people fall prey of this inhumane practice through coercion and deception, to submit their details and address lines over the internet. Thereafter, the traffickers lay a trap for the innocent internet users, abduct them, and trade them off (Latonero 10). The trends in education have necessitated the adoption of technology in research and communication. Financial constraints amongst many people have also motivated them to embrace technology for solutions. Therefore, as researchers and students seek for research and academic solutions, they also seek for business opportunities. With this trend in the use of technology, human traffickers have managed to lay traps through online adverts and fake employment opportunities, which have trapped many people, including children and adolescents. Most of the victims are traded for sexual slavery, where they are sold off as prostitutes. This explains why most victims have been women, both adults and adolescents. In this modern hi-tech society, technology has been the leading influencer and avenue for human trafficking (Latonero 11). How Technology hindered it However, contrary to the successful efforts by human traffickers, to build their business empires in this illegal trade, technology has also been instrumental in fighting this business. Since human trafficking became a global problem, security agencies have also come up strongly, to track and apprehend human traffickers. Most traffickers do their business online. Therefore, the security agencies have also setup traps online, to catch up with them. This has been aided by the internet protocol (IP) addresses, which allows the location of anyone using the internet globally. Technology has also allowed the tracing of the users of communication gadgets like mobile phones globally. Security agents can also intercept phone conversations of s uspected traffickers. Of course, the traffickers have learned ways of escaping apprehension by using aliases and hiding the protocols. This has been the greatest setback in the efforts, to fight human trafficking through technology. However, still technology has made it easy for the security agents, to fight this illegal business. With improved technology, videos and photos can be taken via the satellite, which aid tracking of these criminals. Possible set of actions and analysis Following the threat from

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet Essay

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet - Essay Example Therefore, nuclear development defied power, such that the more weapons and bombs a country made the more the power it gained over the others. The number of countries producing nuclear weapons continued to increase where in1961, UK and France had successfully produced and tested nuclear bombs. In addition, at the end of 1964 China joined the list to become the fifth in nuclear bombs production. In 1968, 21 countries approved a non-proliferation treaty that prohibited any more production of nuclear bombs with the aim of creating a nuclear weapons-free zone. Lastly by 1991 more members had joined the treaty making the treaty the world greatest arms control agreement. There are three significant events that happened during the cold war that help define the war. These include Berlin airlift, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the fall of the Berlin wall. The first event on Berlin airlift occurred in 1948 where Germany was divided amongst the victors of World War two which are US, UK, France and Soviet. The second event on soviet invasion of Afghanistan occurred on 24th December 1979. This was a strategy since Soviet took advantage of the counties divided focus and instability to attack it without its knowledge. Lastly, the fall of Berlin wall that occurs in 1989. The fall of this wall symbolizes the ending of the cold warfare. The fall of Berlin wall do not only symbolize the ending of the cold warfare, but also the collapse and revolution of communism in Europe. For more than 40 years, the soviet had imposed community rules that had divided the west from the east. However, reformers under social movement and the ant-communist trade union put an end to this in 1998 to form a centralized and one Europe. The main factors that caused the collapse of communism were the reform movement and the solidarity of the reformist. In conclusion, this paper gives a clear description of the cold

Health IT to improve the quality and safety of medication management Essay

Health IT to improve the quality and safety of medication management - Essay Example The purpose of this study is to explore the type of health IT that has been integrated in health centers to improve the quality of health care offered to the patients. It is also aimed at investigating the impacts of IT on medication prescription. The study will cover two case studies, one in the USA and the other in Australia. Admittedly, good health is vital requirement for every living being. From the medical point of view, human health is considered as a key area that deserves a lot of care and attention. Seriousness should be a driving force for all doctors and other medical practitioners. Bad health poses deathly risks to people; many fatal cases have come to be due to access to poor health facilities. Studies have shown that over the last fewer decades before the incorporation of computing and other modern technologies, many errors have been occurring in the field of medicine. A compelling example is the data got from the US and Australia. Information technology is among other things that have led to tremendous transition in medicine. Information technology has transformed the world greatly leading to better life assurance to patients. All health related issue need the integration of IT in order to mitigate some errors that are currently evident in the field of medicine. The integration of IT in health related issue should be handled with great care or seriousness that is deserved. If integrated as expected, IT can effectively help to save the lives of many. This study will demonstrate important things that need to be done to see to it that improvement has been achieved in safety and quality of treatment using IT. This chapter consists of five sections that are the background of the study, research questions, significant of the study, limitation of the study and its scope. Background of the study The usage of health IT has emerged with the increasing advancement in technology. Health IT refers to the use or practice of information and communication techn ology in health centers to provide health care to patients and the population. Health IT encompasses many activities such as results reporting, health documentation, order communication and care planning, among others. There are quite a number of platforms that can be used in health IT applications. Some of these platforms include cellular phones, touch screen kiosks, personal digital assistants (PDDAs) and desktop computer applications. There are different types of Health IT applications but the widely used include personal health records (PHR), Electronic heath records (EHR) Electronic medical records (EMR), computer provider order entry, telemedicine, alerts and reminders in clinics, computerized systems of clinical decision support, electronic exchange of health information and consumer health informatics applications. The used of health IT has been designed to the delivery of health care services to patients and t

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet Essay

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet - Essay Example Therefore, nuclear development defied power, such that the more weapons and bombs a country made the more the power it gained over the others. The number of countries producing nuclear weapons continued to increase where in1961, UK and France had successfully produced and tested nuclear bombs. In addition, at the end of 1964 China joined the list to become the fifth in nuclear bombs production. In 1968, 21 countries approved a non-proliferation treaty that prohibited any more production of nuclear bombs with the aim of creating a nuclear weapons-free zone. Lastly by 1991 more members had joined the treaty making the treaty the world greatest arms control agreement. There are three significant events that happened during the cold war that help define the war. These include Berlin airlift, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the fall of the Berlin wall. The first event on Berlin airlift occurred in 1948 where Germany was divided amongst the victors of World War two which are US, UK, France and Soviet. The second event on soviet invasion of Afghanistan occurred on 24th December 1979. This was a strategy since Soviet took advantage of the counties divided focus and instability to attack it without its knowledge. Lastly, the fall of Berlin wall that occurs in 1989. The fall of this wall symbolizes the ending of the cold warfare. The fall of Berlin wall do not only symbolize the ending of the cold warfare, but also the collapse and revolution of communism in Europe. For more than 40 years, the soviet had imposed community rules that had divided the west from the east. However, reformers under social movement and the ant-communist trade union put an end to this in 1998 to form a centralized and one Europe. The main factors that caused the collapse of communism were the reform movement and the solidarity of the reformist. In conclusion, this paper gives a clear description of the cold

Principle of Informatiion Systeam theory and pratice Essay

Principle of Informatiion Systeam theory and pratice - Essay Example (Mcafee and Berkley 1) The IT infrastructure at SYSCO was initially decentralized for all of its operating companies around the world which created a lack of common systems, procedures and information type. The lack of unison among the different units of the company created an appalling situation and the need for a common platform became evident. At first, a central ERP system was rolled out among all the operating units to handle the basic operations of the company ranging from processing of orders to delivering goods etc. The ERP system started being used effectively but then the need for centralized information arose. Therefore a central data repository had to be introduced in the company. This brought about unison in the information that was earlier kept in different forms by every operating unit. Even after the integration of ERP system and central data warehouse, the IT department felt the need for smarter software that would enable the employees of SYSCO to make informed decisions and critically analyze the data without running complex queries all the time. The modern world of business relies heavily on information since companies develop their strategies according to the changing market trends and customers’ choices. The IT department of SYSCO, led by Twila Day, also gave the suggestion of incorporating BI software with the same vision. There were many considerations and decisions that had to be made before the final roll-out, some of them are discussed below: SYSCO showed interest in the implementation of BI as early as 1995 but the condition of its implementation was the presence of a data warehouse in the company. After successfully achieving the incorporation of data warehouse, they finally opted for the BI software. Another obstacle that was faced by the respective company was that they wanted the implementation to take place over the

Animals Should Be Used in Scientific Research Essay Example for Free

Animals Should Be Used in Scientific Research Essay Over 100 million animals are used every year in the United States as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. Research involving animals has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last century. Even today, there is no complete alternative to biomedical research with animals. The vast majority of research animals are mice and rats bred for this purpose. Dogs, cats, and non-human primates together account for less than one-half of one percent of the total, and this number has declined for more than 25 years. Since 1979, the number of dogs and cats needed in animal research has declined by more than 50%. The number of non-human primates needed represents less than .2% (.18% in 2004) and has remained relatively constant—in the 50,000 per year range—for the past decade. History The history behind animals being used in scientific research is that is started In Europe and in the US by the early 1900s and especially during and following World War I the benefits of animal research continued to be recognized. Following the Nuremberg Trials for atrocities by the Nazis during World War II, society spoke loudly demanding no research on humans until animal research had made such research a reasonable risk. Today, the majority of people in our society do agree with the idea of the humane and responsible use of animals in research. There is safeguard standards for scientific studies on animals * The USDA has set forth federal regulations governing the care and use of animals in biomedical research that are considered even more extensive than those covering human research subjects. * The Animal Welfare Act sets standards of care for research animals with regard to their housing, feeding, cleanliness, ventilation, and medical needs and requires the use of anesthesia or analgesic drugs for potentially painful procedures and during post-operative care. * The US Public Health Service Act requires that all institutions receiving research funds from NIH, FDA, or CDC adhere to the standards set out in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. * Institutions must follow detailed animal care recommendations and establish an IACUC to ensure that all animals are treated responsibly and humanely Some people think that all animals that are in scientific research are in pain or distress while undergoing the research that is not necessarily true. The 2004 USDA Annual Report reveals that 57% of all research procedures with animals involved no more than slight or momentary pain or distress (i.e., an injection). In 34% of research procedures anesthesia and postoperative painkillers were used. In 9% of the procedures, neither anesthesia nor pain medication could be used, as they would have interfered with research results. Scientific Perspectives Here are 4 reasons why animals are used in research: 1. The principles of anatomy and physiology are true for humans and animals, especially mammals. Once scientists learned that animals were similar to humans, in physiology and anatomy, it became preferable to use animals rather than humans for preliminary research. 2. Certain strains or breeds of animals get the same diseases or conditions as humans. Animal Models are frequently critical to understanding a disease and developing appropriate treatments. 3. Research meant introducing one variable and observing the results of that one item. With animals we can control their environment (temperature, humidity, etc.), and shield them from diseases or conditions not related to the research (control their health). Although human and animals get the disease that may be the subject of a research investigation, the different life styles or living conditions make them poor subjects until preliminary research under controlled conditions has been done. 4. We can use scientifically-valid numbers o f animals. Data from one animal or human is not research; it is a case study. To scientifically test a hypothesis, an adequate number of subjects must be used to statistically test the results of the research. Some individuals claim that we should use human or animals that have a disease to study that disease. Certainly, epidemiological studies (tracking the occurrence of a disease or condition) have provided many important insights into the cause of a disease or a condition, especially when an environmental aspect is responsible. However, epidemiological studies are successful in only a limited number of situations. Only if the study of a disease is severely hindered or not possible when the research subjects have been/are exposed to a variety of environmental factors. According to the American Medical Association, humans are the most frequently used animal in research. However, research studies conducted on humans follow preliminary studies conducted in animals. These animal studies make human studies a reasonable risk. The animal studies are not a guarantee of success, but they do tell us that the human research has a reasonable probability of success.

Alkali Aggregate Reaction Essay -- essays research papers

ASR is one example of a more general problem known as Alkali Aggregate Reaction [AAR]. ASR is a chemical process in which alkalis, usually predominantly from the cement, combine with certain types of silica in the aggregate when moisture is present. This reaction produces an alkali-silica gel that can absorb water and expand to cause cracking and disruption of the concrete. For damaging reaction to take place the following need to be present in sufficient quantities. High alkali cement Reactive aggregate [e.g. crushed greywacke type sandstone] Moisture Structures most at risk are bridges, hydraulic structures, exposed frames [e.g. open multistorey car parks] and foundations. In relation to total construction volume, the incidence of significant damage due to ASR in the UK is small. ASR was discovered in the USA in the 1940s; no case was found in the UK until 1971 [in a concrete dam in Jersey]. The problem is known to exist in at least 35 countries. Affected concrete often exhibits map cracking of the surface, known colloquially as Isle of Man cracking after that island`s three legged emblem. In heavily loaded sections the cracking will probably follow the line of the main reinforcement. An excellent overview of the phenomenon can be found in BRE Digest 330. Since the early 1980s recommendations have been produced and refined to the stage where ASR is unlikely if these are adopted. Principal methods include.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlling the level of available ...

Islam` Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Islam faith was a very predominant one in the world’s past history. When it first started to rise along with the teachings of Mohammed, it was very popular. Their military and cultural achievements were remarkable. When the Arabs first started conquering land, they had affected the language and cultures of those lands. Mohammed was a very spiritual man, who helped Islam rise and conquer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mohammed was born in 569 B.C.E. Mohammed had lost both of his parents by the age of 6, leaving him in the care of his grandmother and uncle. At 12 years old, his uncle took him on a caravan to Syria, where he picked up certain points from the Jewish and Christian religions. He married a wealthy woman at age 25, and they produced a few children together. When Mohammed was 40, he had a period of spiritual strain; he felt that God had chosen him to be a prophet. After answering to God and believing that the Koran was communicated to him, he believed he had a divine calling: to teach the power of Allah, he wanted to warn his people of the Day of Judgment, and let them know of Paradise and the rewards it held.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortly after he had passed away, his teachings were written down of this new religion, Islam, which meant â€Å"submission to God’s Will†. Mohammed called upon his followers to follow 5 pillars of Islam. In short, they are: 1. â€Å"There is no God but Allah; Mohamed is the Messenger of Allah†. 2. Pray five times daily-dawn, noon, midafternoon, dusk, and after dark. Facing the direction of Mecca, praying on a carpet, shoes removed and heads covered, 3. Moslems must give alms generously, 4. Moslems must fast from daybreak to sunset during the whole month of Ramadan, 5. Once in their lives Moslems, of they can, must make the pilgrimage to Mecca.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rituals Mohammed created made a strong bond amongst the followers of Islam. They had to obey these five pillars together. Take care of their fellow Moslems who were economically challenged. They also had the Koran, which bound them together as followers, and they had their pilgrimage to Mecca, which they took together with fellow Moslems. The Koran gave guidance for all parts of life for the Moslems-â€Å"for manners and hygiene, marriage and divorce, commerce and politics, crime and punishment, peace and war† (Stavrianos, 178-179). Therefore you coul... ...lind power complex of the Moslems because they thought they were unstoppable. They had a negative attitude towards those not part of their empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egocentricity let down the iron curtain between the Moslems and the west, especially in the field of science. Scholars of the Moslem world were naà ¯ve to the achievements in anatomy, medicine and astronomy. Moslem science had festered with little drive for new discoveries in the years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A final reason for the explanation of the decline of the Moslem empire were that the three greatest Moslem empires were land empires. These people ruling and taking charge in these empires had their backs to the ocean, so they never felt a need to go to sea. The rulers did not help by being uninterested in trading overseas. This situation let Europeans to jump past the Moslems and become leaders in the overseas trading industries. The Europeans controlled the world trade and the stimulated the economic, social and political development of this nation. Europe became increasingly wealthy, productive, and dynamic, completely leaving the Moslem empire following in its footsteps for centuries.

Great expectations Essay

Charles Dickens ‘Great expectations’ was written in the 1800, and at that time there was a great divide in the social structure and this was between the lower and middle classes, because of Charles was born in the lower class of society he was forced into leaving school at the age of twelve and to go to work to help bring in food. Ni this assignment I am going to analyse three characters which are Pip a young orphan that I think that he is very lonely, Miss Havisham a middle class eccentric who appears to be lost in time and Magwitch a convict that is on the run and is very self conscious. When we are first introduced to Pip he is in a churchyard looking at his mothers and farther gravestone scripts, this first tells us they are both dead and he is trying to imagine there appearances, his farther a square, stoot, dark man, with curly black hair, the mood of the graveyard is cold gloomy and foggy, which further more depresses Pip and also ha s the effect on the reader to feel sorry for him and also I think makes the reader feel closer to Pip because every one has felt some sadness and depression. Extract one is written in Pips point of view this encourages the reader without knowing to think they understand pip and have a bond, without ever meeting him or knowing if he’s real or not. When first encountering Magwitch, Pip is shocked and scared for his life because the only place he might feel safe next to his parents graves he is grabbed by a convict on the run and puts Pip upside down. The way Pip reacts to Magwitch on there first encounter tells us that Pip is very polite and obedient because he does what Magwitch wants him to do and does it without question and no answering back and the way he kept his ‘cool’ tells the reader that he is brave. When Pip is described as a ‘bundle of shivers’ Dickens wants us to feel that pip is scared and a helpless boy, so the reader is more sympathetic towards him. The techniques that Dickens uses to make you feel sympathetic for Pip are good because he makes Pip real inisant. When we first meet Magwitch he is lurking in the grave yard bushes and he is there because he is a convict on the run and when he grabs Pip, and finds out that he is living with the blacksmith he wants Pip to bring him some tools and food so he can get rid of his ball and chain and eat. From Magwitches first encounter the reader finds him very selfish and self conscious and rough because of the way he handles Pip by putting him upside down and shaking him. On lines 33-37 there is a description of Magwitch and from this I think the reader is meant to imagine how he looked and imagine what they would do if a man in that state even approached you, and by doing this also brings and sense of more sympathy for Pip, and maybe some slight sympathy for Magwitch. The church yard setting in which Pip and Magwitch first meet is very gloomy and dull something that you would imagine a haunted house setting and this adds to the impact upon Pip from Magwitch because that’s is the situation that you only dream of meeting a beaten convict. The way that Magwitch speaks to Pip (short and suddenly) says that he hasn’t got much time and he’s tired and this shows the reader the impression Dickens wants Magwitch to show that he is a scary, ugly, frightening and a man who hasn’t got time for little boys who are getting in the way. Satis’ s house is quite large and it is a lighted by wax candles and so seems to be quite dirty because on line 18-19 in extract 2 it says that ‘had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow’ and he also says that she is half dressed in a bridal dress and she had withered away and so the dress was to big for her and she only has one shoe on, this tells us that she has been stood up by a husband or she has had second thoughts and stood up her future husband years ago and she has never taken the dress of because she either wants to remember that she had a future husband at one point and wonders why she got stood up or she regrets standing up the man she stood up. Miss Havisham speaks with anger because in line 70 in extract 2 she says ‘you can break his heart’ and this my indicate she got stood up and so taking it out on Pip since he like Estella and he is only a working boy and she is an upper-class girl she Miss Havisham says break his heart, this sho ws both social differences and Miss Havishams revenge and anger. Dickens wants us to feel sorrow and also anger at Miss Havisham because she seems depressed and to be in a wedding dress so long it has turned yellow and also she does not know what day or month it is. Dicken creates a sense of inisance around Pip and a sense of sorrow around Magwitch I think is remarkable since these two characters have meetings all the through extract 1. in my opinion I found Magwitch the most rememborable character because I liked the way that Dickens court the basic characteristics so well in the way that he was ruthless and selfish but also I found that I could understand the actions that he did because I would probably do the same, and also I liked the description of him that he had scratches and was muddy and wet shows there was a struggle escaping and also still having the steal ball to his leg shows me that he had to have great desire and determination to escape.

Numerous poems Essay

Numerous poems tackle the theme of loneliness using invented or any of the variety of available poetic forms. Most often, the feeling is expressed through either a single and extended metaphor or through a number of interconnected imageries with the purpose of creating a tight and unified construction that would arouse the reader’s empathy towards the poem’s meaning. In poems like these, the focus is the metaphors used to put the theme across. The form is also important, but secondary to content. However, for other poets meaning can be conveyed equally by both content and form. For e. e. cumming, the form can even dictate the metaphor. His post-modernist poem â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness† illustrates how structure can be used to communicate the meaning of a poem even more that its metaphor, thus evoking varied and more vast experiences with the reading. The nine-line poem consists of one to five letters per line. Seven lines are made up of two letters each, one line has three letters, while the longest final line has five. The entire poem spells out the word â€Å"loneliness†. The word is interrupted, however, by a phrase written inside a parenthesis: â€Å"a leaf falls†. The interruption occurs after the first letter, cutting off the letter â€Å"l† from the rest of the word. The irregularity in the grouping of letters is not arbitrary. The form of the poem obviously seeks to approximate the fall of a leaf. One could imagine the leaf as it sways from side to side, then twirls in space looking like a narrow spinning band, until it eventually rests flat on the ground during the poem’s longest final line. The visual fall makes the reader understand the poem’s metaphor: loneliness, like a falling leaf, is a sinking feeling. The image of a falling leaf is a cliche but e. e. cummings makes his poem different not only by employing a unique structure scheme but also by putting both the metaphorical image and the theme stated plainly together in the poem. A greeting card or an amateur exposition would attempt to define the word â€Å"loneliness†. An inferior poet would only focus on the â€Å"falling leaf† metaphor and wax poetic about the possible meanings behind the image. Cummings put both together and in the process does not only call the reader’s attention to the connection of the words with the image but, because of the placement of the letters, raises other points of discussion. For instance, the detachment of the letter â€Å"l† from the word â€Å"loneliness† only means that to be lonely means to be detached from the rest of humanity as much as a falling leaf gets detached from the rest of the leaves in a branch. This is further emphasized with the parenthesis, another symbol of breaking-off one part from the whole where it came from. Still another interpretation for the interruption may be that the feeling of loneliness occurs when one’s life is interrupted by the sight of a falling leaf, which is a metaphor for many sad things in life. Also, the letter â€Å"l† in the first line, which reappears on the eighth line, may also be read as the number one, a solitary figure. A lonely person feels alone. Finally, the poem’s form and metaphors bring upon the reader’s mind other images of loneliness. The metaphor of the falling leaf recalls autumn with its falling leaves, people at the brink of death or snow on a bleak winter’s night falling on a desolate landscape. All these pictures are used in many poems expounding on the same theme and all these associations will be awakened within the reader because while the poem is sparse, it has the ability to involve the reader to deep thought. Meanwhile, the slimness of the poem evokes the briefness of life. At the same time, it could mean the fluid downward movement of life, after one has passed the prime of life, the individual slows down to old age until he dies, and nothing would remain eventually. At first glance, the disinterested reader may think that e. e. cummings has employed gimmickry with â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness. † Closer inspection and repeated readings would prove, however, that unlike most poems whose beauty rests on the metaphors used in the lines, the form of a poem can also be exploited to be the metaphor itself. It can elicit so many associations, making the reading more profound as when one tries to make meanings out of words in another poem. Cumming’s poem is a great example of how form can also dictate the beauty of a poem.

The Snow Man by Wallace Stevens

Afterlife: the complete emptiness Wallace Stevens (1879–1955) wrote most of his poems during the world wars period, which took the lives of millions of people. As a result, Wallace Stevens started to question the importance of religion in the modern era, and felt that you should enjoy your life in the present and not waste time living for an afterlife. In his poem â€Å"The Snow Man†, Stevens describes a harsh winter environment creating a unique dramatic situation through an effective imagery. He leads the reader from a relatively objective description of a winter scene to a subjective emotional response. Roberts Pack’s essay on â€Å"The Snow Man† discusses the idea of perception, while David Perkins while focuses on the relationship between imagination and reality through the perspective of the snow man. Is Wallace Steven concerned with imagination and reality, or perception? In â€Å"The Snow Man†, the atypical syntax and logic of the poem, as well as the usage of imagery, compels the reader to perceive the poem from an untraditional in order to both understand the role of nature and realize its very theme is death. The title of the poem â€Å"The Snow Man† is very confusing for the reader. At first we â€Å"visualize balls of snow placed on top of each other, coals for eyes, a carrot nose† as Perkins implies, and don’t see the relation with the poem. But after a few readings we discover the snow man and the listener are one individual. The lines â€Å"One must have a mind of winter† (1. 1) and â€Å"And have been cold a long time†(2. 1) indicate in my opinion the listener is dead. Why so? Winter implies cold, and cold equals death. So if the snow man has a mind of winter, it means he is dead. The snow man is indeed an image to describe this dead body, which is recovered by ice and snow. It is also a symbol of the cycle of life, which always ends with death. Once spring is here, the snow man will melt, it won't last forever. Just like a dead body would decompose, and turn into dust. In fact, we get the sense that we are reading through the listener’s mind. The first thing that is noticeable about the poem is that it is actually just one long, complex sentence, there is no rhyme, and each line has a different length. One question that may arise with is this: if the poem really was meant to imitate the mind's flow of thought, then why did Stevens write it in just one line instead of dividing it into five tercets? Without this specific structure the poem would lose in mood and tone. The dramatic situation is set on a cold and quiet winter day, with very little movement in the surroundings. The poem itself should be the same, gentle and unhurried. This is achieved with the use of pauses after lines and stanzas. Because when someone dies his soul is liberated from the burdens of life. The fourth line of the poem gives it this mood and tone too. It provides a further slowing down with the use of one syllable words, and of assonance with the long â€Å"o† sound â€Å"cold/long†, reinforcing the idea of the time passing and death. We can divide the poem into two distinctive parts. The first part (from the beginning to half of the seventh line â€Å"Of the January sun†), correlates with the dead man losing all sorts of feelings because of the cold. The speaker describes the harshness off the environment surrounding the dead man. The words employed are very particular, achieving nuances which contribute to the vividness of the picture. For instance, the word â€Å"crusted†(1. 3) is used instead of â€Å"covered,† suggesting not only that it covers, but also the snow's firmness and roughness. We can assimilate the snow to the roots of a tree. It is obvious that there is an accumulation of the â€Å"r† sound, as in â€Å"regard,† â€Å"frost,† â€Å"pine-trees†, â€Å"crusted†, â€Å"junipers†, spruces†, â€Å"rough†, â€Å"glitter†, and â€Å"January†, adding vividness to the description. One particular image contained in these lines is that of the â€Å"distant glitter/ of the January sun† (2. 3/3. 1). The use of the sound â€Å"i† in assonance, support the idea that the sun is so distant, it has no effect. The enjambment and the separation of the phrase â€Å"of the January sun† into the next stanza, also relates this idea of distance. So even if the sun is visible in the sky, it doesn’t play its true role: provide heat. The speaker is almost saying he prefers darkness. The dead man losing his mind is the main subject of the second part (from and â€Å"not to think† to the end). The listener considers his self a snow man, enabling him to view the world through different eyes, and thus enables him to see the vivid little details of the scene, which he would not normally see. The dead man is leaving behind his own mind and assuming the snow man’s mind, liberating him from any sufferance. This idea is supported by the word â€Å"think†, emphasized by the enjambment â€Å"and not to think / of any misery†(3. -2). Therefore, it is clear these lines aim to appeal to the reader's sense of hearing. It contains multiple instances of the word â€Å"sound,† as well as the words â€Å"listener† and â€Å"listen. † In addition, there also is a prevailing use of the sound â€Å"s† – â€Å"misery,† â€Å"sound,† â€Å"leaves,† †Å"same,† â€Å"listener,† â€Å"listens,† and â€Å"snow†, which mimics the hissing â€Å"sound of the wind†(3. 2). On top of this, it is known that the absence of one sense contributes to the acuteness of another. In this instance, the dead man gives up his sense of sight, and tries listening instead of looking. He is able to hear the normally soft, quiet â€Å"sound the wind†, and â€Å"the sound of a few leaves†(3. 3). I think the speaker addresses the use of sound, because sound tells us a lot about our surroundings even if we don’t use our vision. In our society sound enables us to communicate, and to lose this sense indirectly signifies we are as good dead. Another aspect of this process is the movement from something particular and small to something more vague and vast. The â€Å"boughs of pine-trees,† â€Å"the junipers,† and â€Å"the spruces† disappear to become â€Å"the same bare place†, and â€Å"the sound of a few leaves† becomes â€Å"the sound of the land†. Along the poem, the dead man disregards his self. Slowly he loses his thought (death of the mind) and feelings (death of the body), then his sense’s from sight to hearing are reduced, and finally loses his distinctiveness by assuming the snow man’s mind. And, since the mind of a snow man is lifeless, the listener would ultimately become nothing, as stated in the 14th line â€Å"And, nothing himself†. This idea of â€Å"being nothing† is, given importance by putting the phrase, â€Å"nothing himself† in the middle of the line instead of the beginning or end, and by the repetition of the word â€Å"nothing† in the last two lines. The last line of the poem â€Å"Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is†(5. 3), the longest of it, is given more importance because it holds the key to Steven’s message. The fricative â€Å"th† gives it an echoing sound. The line starts with the word â€Å"behold† (it means to see) due to the use of the enjambment in line 14, which emphasises the message of this particular word. By combining the words â€Å"Behold† and â€Å"nothing†, Stevens is saying the dead man, aka the â€Å"listener†, is just sitting there dead and there is nothing, nothing to think about and nothing to do. Even if the speaker does a concession in by opposing â€Å"is not there† vs â€Å"that is†. The speaker is inducing there is nothing in the afterlife. In conclusion, â€Å"The Snow Man† is a poem about death, and the emptiness of the world. The dead man or the listener gradually loses his body, and then his mind to a snow man. The snow man is an image of the body in this cold environment. By assuming the mind of a snow man, he is condemning himself to disappear physically and mentally. Wrapping it up can be argued Wallace Stevens message is that there is no afterlife and there is no point in believing in religion. It would be interesting to study how Stevens personal and professional life shaped his opinion on religion. Work Cited †¢ Wallace, Stevens. â€Å"The Snow Man†. The Columbia Anthology of American Poetry. Jay Parini. New York. Columbia University Press. Page 310. Print. †¢ Pack Robert. Wallace Stevens: An approach to his poetry and thought. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1958. Copyright  © 1958 by Rutgers, The State University. †¢ Perkins, David. A History of Modern Poetry: From the 1890s to the High Modernist Mode (Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1976), 542-544

R.V. Martin (Anthony Edward (2001) ECWA Crim 2245; Q.B1 Case (Critic) Essay

R.V. Martin (Anthony Edward (2001) ECWA Crim 2245; Q.B1 Case (Critic) - Essay Example The jury could convict the defendant if self-defence evidence presented by the defendant raised doubts or the fact that Mr, Martin had used excessive force. The manslaughter charge that Mr. Martin faced would mean the defendant is believed to have used excessive force then the sentence would not be a life imprisonment. Then this would mean that the jury did not believe the defendants defence of having acted on self-defence. The facts that led to, the sentencing of Mr. Martin is knowledge that Mr. Martin used his firearm, yet he knew he was entitled to possessing it. The jury strongly believe that the although it is true that the two men who broke into Mr. Martins house intended to commit a burglary, Mr. martin was entitled to use reasonable force yet he used excessive force when he shot the 16 year old dead and left the other seriously injured. According to the jury Mr. Martin did not act reasonably in both of the cases. The judge in passing the sentence took into consideration the f rustration that Mr, Martin felt at the event of the Burglary as well as the medical report presented by his doctor. The court put into account the situation threat Mr. Martin faced, but it also pointed out that a dangerous weapon was not to be used in the manner that Mr. Martin used during the night of the Burglary. According to Almandras, she points out that the law states clearly that a householder may be liable in civil law or criminal law or in both if he is found to have used unwarranted force in opposition to a burglar or trespasser resulting to the death of the intruder or injury. Matters raised during Mr. Martin’s case suggest that any householder who kills or injuries a burglar will have a complete defence. The defendant is acquitted if he used was reasonable force and this must prove to be in defence of himself or another in the prevention of a crime (2011. p.1). The principal issue raised by conservatives is the measure of reasonable force, which they argue, should be proven, and the householders would not face prosecution unless their action is proven grossly disproportionate. However, democrats support the view that the current law was reliable and did not require a change. In the case, of Mr. Martin Almandras observes that the accused Mr. Martin had experienced several break ins. Mr. Martin had already expressed his dissatisfaction with the police response. On the night of the burglary, Mr. Martin shot onto the two burglars with an unlicensed gun. During his appeal, Mr. Martin presented fresh psychiatric evidence showing that, he was suffering from a long personal disorder. However, the court still ruled that the Mr. Martins state of mind was irrelevant to the purpose of self-defence. The psychiatric evide

Kant and Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kant and Mill - Essay Example Kant does not disregard practical anthropology in the Foundations because he believes it is unimportant.As we know,Kant did discuss practical anthropology in numerous works on ethics and education.However,in order to understand moral action in the empirical world,Kant contends that moral action as such has to be understood first. Thus Kant ventures into a study that tries to supply the principles of moral action as such, or tries to supply the principles for "rational beings in general," which we can interpret in this context as moral subjects. One can found the same tension in Kant's ethical writings. In fact, I would say the tension is more pronounced in Kant's ethical writings, because Kant never corrects the tension in this area by rewriting any of his ethical texts. Particularly, I have found the tension between what I could call a phenomenological approach and a strict transcendental approach in Kant's two main texts on morality, viz., the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Mora ls and the Critique of Practical Reason. In order to perform the phenomenological reading, I want to look at Kant's text entitled the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. The purpose of the phenomenological reading is to see if it is possible to sight within moral phenomena the essence of morality as expressed by Kant. This reading constitutes a constructive interpretation of Kantian morality.What is important to note here is that both ethics and physics have their empirical and rational parts, or their posterior) and a priori parts. Kant's concern in the Foundations is with ethics, and particularly ethics in its a priori character. In other words, Kant is not concerned with moral actions as they occur in the everyday world. Instead, Kant is concerned with what constitutes moral action as such, which Kant refers to as pure moral philosophy, a mode of ethics freed from any social and practical anthropology that would only study ethical behavior as it manifested itself in specific human interactions. The basic idea then is that "the ground of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man or in the circumstances in which he is placed" (Kant , 64). Instead, the ground for obligation must be sought within moral consciousness. This idea of seeking for the ground for obligation in moral consciousness has phenomenological overtones. Kant wants to bracket the natural standpoint, place it under suspension, to come to the structures of consciousness that constitute morality. Precisely what is bracketed is practical anthropology, which is the way of understanding morality in our everyday world. Once Kant has bracketed the natural attitude, he can then direct his attention to moral consciousness. The aspect of consciousness that presents itself for investigation in moral consciousness is the will. In the Foundations, Kant wants to understand what constitutes a good will, which I understand as moral consciousness. Moral consciousness is consciousness of what I ought to do, or, as Kant states, it is consciousness of what is good without qualification. Understood this way, moral consciousness is intentional; it is "consciousness of what is good." If Kant concerns himself with moral consciousness, then I could call Kant's investigation a study of moral intentionality. Within such a study, I am interested in looking at my actions in terms of the willing and the willed as such. The willing and the willed as such correspond to the noetic and noematic elements of moral consciousness. Within this structure of investigation, I am not concerned with an act as it is considered in the natural standpoint, which would consider the act in terms of its actual consequences or empirical manifestation. Both actual consequences and empirical manifestations are transcendent senses of a moral act, i.e., an act immersed in the world of facts and affairs". Instead I am looking both at the moral subject's act of willing and at what is willed in the how of its

Mises vs weber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mises vs weber - Essay Example Mises’ economic analyses of bureaucracy also identified the key differences between bureaucracy, profitable organisations, and unprofitable organisations. He demonstrated that â€Å"government bureaucracy will be unable to engage in an economic calculation and thus will suffer from significant inefficiencies† (Francu and Hociung 159). Consequently, Mises clearly distinguished between bureaucratic management and profit management. On the other hand, Weber, considered as the ‘father’ of bureaucracy, proposed the fundamentals of an explicit theory of bureaucracy (Francu and Hociung 159). He not only pioneered the most â€Å"comprehensive, classic formulations about the characteristics of bureaucracy†, but his ideas also ranged across a whole spectrum of historical, political, economic, and political thought† (Weber (2) 50). According to Francu and Hociung (159), he built on the premise that increasing efficiency of the bureaucratic organisations in carrying out complex activities resulted in the growth of the bureaucratic organisation. Thus, the ideal bureaucratic system was an organisational scheme where competence and not force or tradition formed the basis for the allocation of power (Weber (1) 25-30). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the opposing perspectives of Ludwig von Mises and Max Weber on bureaucracy and its consequences on society. It will be argued that Mises had a better understanding and a more realistic approach emphasizing bureaucracy’s adverse effects on society and the economy, as compared to Weber’s views on the need for institutional structure. Mises’ Austrian sociology is similar in some respects to the Weberian school; however they are two different methodologies. They usually address different topics. With the discipline of sociology becoming institutionalized around the Durkheimian or Weberian schools, Anderson (3)

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth Coursework

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth - Coursework Example The area of Wandsworth is located in south-west London. The town is located on The River Thames on the south bank. The river Wandle flows into the Thames and this is where Wandsworth received its name. It is also the principle settlement in The "London Borough of Wandsworth" (Medics on the Move). It borders the Bouroughs of Lambeth to the east, Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon the Thames and others. It is surrounded by very wealthy Boroughs. The 2001 Census gave the population of Wandsworth as 260,000 with 78% of the population as White, 9.6% Afro-Caribbean and 6.9% as being South Asian. The list of 354 Districts of England showed that Wandsworth is ranked the largest by area and 24th by population. In population density it ranked 10th and by ethnic diversity it ranted 29th. Today, the projects for Wandsworth show that by the year 2018, there is projected to be 300,000 people in Wandsworth with slightly more women than men. The area is mostly comprised of younger people (47%) between the ages of 20 and 39 with the rest of the population being older (Greater London Authority). NHS Wandsworth shows that in 2009, 290,000 people were living in the Borough. The largest age group is between 20 and 44 while other ages make up the rest of the population. The population is intended to rise in the next five years. Currently, the White race is 78% of the population with "non-whites" making up 22% of the population (includes Black, Asian and those who consider themselves as "other"). The Bourough has a large deprivation within and between the various wards. Wandsworth is ranked 23/30 for deprivation within London PCT and 91/152 for London within PCT's naturally (NHS Wandsworth 6). 1.1 Deprivations The Wandsworth Community Empowerment Fund Project states that the unemployment rate in Wandsworth is currently 8.0%. The following chart shows the income deprivation as of 2007: Although many areas in the Borough show prosperity, household income by ward is a differe nt story. The wealthiest Bourough is Northcote with a mean income of ?51,859 and Roehampton at substantially lower at ?31,141 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In terms of crime, Wandsworth has been a relatively safe place to live in 2006/07 but it has changed since then. Currently, the types of crime in this area include violence against the person, theft from motor vehicles, residential burglary and street crime ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In 2007, there were 1,771 residential burglaries between April and December of that year. Burglary decreased within the last three years. There were 1,442 offenses for street crimes for the same period of time but street crime has also decreased. There were 3,954 offenses for crimes against the person during the same period which is approximately 14.1 offences per 1,000 residents ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Education is another area for deprivation. There are approximately 51,889 young people and children living in the Borough between the ages of 0 and 19 which is 18% of the population. The 2007 census stated that the majority of children living in the Borough are ethnic minorities and primarily black children, which make up 17.9% of the population. In terms of support from the government, 1,628 children and young people were accessing help and 133 children and young people were registered on the Child Protection Register. The Borough also has 74 out of 174 "local super output areas (SOAs)" that are considered the worst 25% of all SOAs nationally which was only 64 in 2004. There are now 24 SOAs listed in the best 25% nationally for deprivation compared to 20 in 2004 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Healthcare in the Borough has some challenges because of the population. Because the majority of the Borough is aged 20 to 44, the younger people do not use