Benefits of Reduced Drinking Age - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1437 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Lowering The Drinking Age Essay Did you like this example? In July of 1984, President Ronald Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which denied highway funds to those states that failed to raise the legal alcohol age to 21.He also claimed ice cream to be a â€Å"nutritious and wholesome† food, to which he dedicated the month of July to. Despite President Reagan being a notably smart man, this could perhaps be a sign that not all high ranking politicians are the best decision makers. The debate on whether the United States drinking age should be lowered to the age of 18 or maintained at 21 has been an ongoing controversial dispute for years now. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits of Reduced Drinking Age" essay for you Create order The United Kingdom, along with a considerable amount of other countries possess a constitutional drinking age of 18. It is argued that if the age is reduced, adolescents are at a higher risk of endangering themselves and those around them with impaired driving, increased sexual assault, and alcohol dependance. However, there are several other present factors that played a role in the drop of alcohol induced driving. Additionally, the present drinking age of 21 has not put an end to underage drinking, and if anything, has increased it. The U.S drinking age should be reduced to the age of 18, which is the age of majority in this country. Other countries drinking age The minimum drinking ages around the globe vary drastically. The current age that an adolescent is capable of legally buying or consuming alcohol in the United States is 21. The United Kingdom has obtained a drinking age of 18 since they passed the Licensing Act of 2003, and there has been insufficient issues dealing with underage drinking. In fact, a lot of adolescents actually refrain from abusing alcohol when they are told that they are allowed to. Because younger people are often attracted to what they cant have, when they are told to abstain from an activity, it only makes them want to do it more. According to Jacqueline Howard, author of the article, â€Å" The countries where drinking is banned until 25 or allowed at 13†, â€Å"many European countries have recently seen a drop in alcohol use that mirrors the number of adolescents abstaining from drinking altogether†. Moreover, the majority of other parts of the world also retain a drinking age that is lower than the U.S drinking age, most commonly being 18 years of age. The reason that these countries are able to have a lower drinking age with minimal complications is because unlike the U.S, alcohol is not seen as a poison or a magic remedy, and there is little to no social pressures to drink. These young adults observe and learn how to consume alcoholic beverages responsibly from their parents at home, and thoughtless behavior is never tolerated. Factors leading to less alcohol induced driving The majority believe that the drop in alcohol induced car accidents was due to the passing of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, however that is not the primary cause. One of the main factors in the decrease of alcohol induced driving is the expansion of education on drunk driving. Adolescents and even adults are constantly being reminded of the dangers of drinking and driving, and ways to prevent it. Furthermore, taxi services such as uber and lyft have become more prominent and popular for those fond of getting intoxicated safely. Another factor that led to less alcohol induced driving is the introduction of designated drivers. These are drivers who are sober, and responsibly drive themselves and their friends home after a wild night out. Modern vehicles are also enhanced with several safety features, such as cruise control, and sensors that will stop the car if it appears to be too close to another object. In addition, many communities have adjusted the speed limit t o a slower speed and added speed bumps, which ultimately will cause less damage is a crash is to occur. The U.S has also introduced stronger laws against drunk driving, with punishments including but not limited to: suspended license, probation, fines, and even jail time. According to Olsen, author of â€Å"Alcohol in America:Taking Action to Prevent Abuse,† â€Å"Many other strategies also have the potential to significantly reduce drunk driving. Together with the law, these strategies can have a major effect.† If we incorporate the new and better enforced laws on driving under the influence, along with the education and safety precautions used now, there is no reason that an 18 year old would be less safe or responsible than a 21 year old. Underage drinking still occurs The U.S drinking age was raised to the age of 21 in order to keep teenagers away from the dangers that involve alcohol. However, adolescents are constantly associated with alcohol, no matter the legal status. The youths in this country continue to consume the stimulant, only now they handle it in private and less controlled environments. This leads to more health and life endangering behavior. According to Gabrielle Glaser, author of â€Å"Return the Drinking Age to 18, and Enforce It†, â€Å"Raising the drinking age hasnt reduced drinking it’s merely driven it underground, to the riskiest of settings: unsupervised high school blowouts and fraternity parties that make Animal House look quaint.† Adolescents try to hide when they drink from their parents, thus leading to them driving under the influence to disguise it. This also prompts these young adults to be dishonest to their family and are often found in dangerous situations that could be detrimental to thei r health. This is known as â€Å"underground drinking.† As an example, teenagers will often feel the need to be dishonest to their family about their whereabouts in order to venture out and consume alcoholic beverages. If their parents are unaware of their location, they will be blinded to any of the threats that can come to their child. Reducing the drinking age to 18 years of age will allow adolescents to drink alcohol in a more secure and safe environment, rather than in a irresponsible manner. The age of Majority In the United States, 18 is the age that is most highly celebrated amongst young adults. It is the year to celebrate graduating from a child, to an adult. And with this celebration, comes responsibility. At the age of 18, a person can legally buy a lottery ticket and officially gamble away as much money as they wish. This is also the age that a person can legally purchase and smoke cigarettes, which is known to be harmful and cause lung problems and cancers. That is why it is recognized as the â€Å"age of majority†. The age of 18 is when most teens receive the majority of adult rights and responsibilities. As an 18 year old, a person can risk their life to fight for this country, but they cant drink a beer? According to Monica Acevedo, author of â€Å" The drinking age should be lowered†, â€Å" under the eye of the law, we are trusted and believed to be able to comply with these opportunities and responsibilities without any issues. After all, we are adults, right?à ¢â‚¬  People of the age of 18, are capable of adopting and caring for a child, but yet are not responsible enough to purchase alcohol. This is the age when adolescents are hit with a bountiful amount of rights and responsibilities, some being dangerous and permanent. For instance, a young transgender teen is legally permitted to permanently go through a sex change operation, but is not rational and mature enough to drink at a bar. If 18 is the age of majority, when teens are to be seen and trusted to make decisions as an adult, they should have the opportunity to legally purchase and consume alcohol. It is no surprise that the consumption of alcohol is familiar among teenagers today, in defiance of the legality of it. There is constant talk of whether the legal alcohol age limit should maintained at the age of 21, or reduced to the age of majority, 18, like most countries around the world. Once a teenager reaches the age of 18, they are exposed to a great deal of new opportunities and possibilities. However, with all that, comes the abundance of responsibilities an adult faces also. If an 18 year old is expected to pay bills, vote, and even enroll in the civil service, why are they not allowed to drink responsibly as an adult as well?Nevertheless, these adolescents are continuing to consume alcohol on a regular basis, with no cares of the legal status. In order to do so, they are compelled to drink in an unsafe environment,without the consent or awareness of adults around them, thus putting them more at risk of dangers and health threats.

Genetic Engineering Technology - 1689 Words

Modern genetic engineering technologies are advancing, and genetically modifying a genome is becoming a reality. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated system (CAS9) genome editing system is the most advanced in use. CRISPR can edit a genome more accurately and with higher precision than any other system. The intended use of the CRISPR/CAS9 system is to insert a gene, delete a gene, or silence a gene, leading to powerful applications (Christensen and Choy 2017a). For example, scientists plan to use this technology to change the genome and resulting phenotype in the efforts to eliminate potentially lethal diseases. One such disease is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired†¦show more content†¦CRISPR was first exploited in 2007, by a food ingredient company. Their focus was on applications of the system to fermented milk bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus) in the production of yogurt and cheese. By utilizing the CRISPR system, the company was able to vaccinate the bacteria used in their product against unwanted bacteriophages (Stachler and Marchfelder 2016a). Since then, the greater applications of the system have been realized. CRISPR is an adaptive natural immune system used by bacteria to protect against bacteriophages that replicate within the bacterium. It starts when a bacteriophage lands on the membrane of a bacterium cell, where it injects its DNA into the cell. Shortly after the DNA is injected, the infected bacterium detects the presence of bacteriophage DNA, leading to a production of a complex. The complex consists of the CAS9 nuclease and a twenty-base sequence short guide RNA known as sgRNA. The complex wraps around the bacteriophage DNA, and travels along until it reaches a targeted sequence indicated by the RNA. The sgRNA searches for complementary bases, only attaching at that region of the genome, ensuring the proper location. Upon reaching the location, the CAS9 enzyme will proceed to make a double stranded cleave through the DNA, disabling the bacteriophage and protecting the bacteria (Richter et al. 2012a). Bioengineers have generated a custom sgRNA within a CAS9 nuclease to search for a specific gene location within theShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering : An Unnatural Cell Invasion Technology2277 Words   |  10 PagesGenetic engineering is a complex environmental health issue that presents several benefits and risks to both consumers and the environment. Genetic engineering is a technique used to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are genetically altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination (WHO, 2014). In other words, genetic engineering is an unnatural cell invasion technology. This technology is used to grow genetically modified (GM) plants, which areRead MoreGenetic Engineering : A New Technology1311 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering Genetic engineering is a new technology that is not utilized to its full potential. Often called modern biotechnology, genetic engineering can bring humanity into a better medical and agricultural age. Genetic engineering is an important scientific breakthrough because by altering DNA, scientists can improve food, create organs for transplant, and prevent certain diseases and birth defects. The field of genetic engineering has developed very quickly due to the greater understandingRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Technology, Equipment, And Experimentation Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesdoesn’t seem realistic in this day and age, but this is what our world is heading towards due to enhancements in scientific knowledge, technology, equipment and experimentation. This enables these scientists to undergo the delicate process used to enhance the characteristics of the individual. This process is known as genetic engineering. The aim of genetic engineering is to add new genes that have not been found in the individual. This could involve changing a base pair A-T or C-G in the DNA. In orderRead MoreReaction Paper On Genetic Engineering Technology741 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is I told you I could take your eyes and make them green, blue, even hazel?What if I said that all this could be done with a genetic engineering technology called CRISPR. CRISPR is a relatively new technology that can do just that and more†¦Now when I say CRISPR most people automatically think about the area in the fridge where vegetables are stored, but its more than that and its going to change the world right before our changing eyes. 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This innovative technology paved ways for medical breakthroughs, along with the expansion of human understanding towards the mechanismsRead MoreThe case for and against genetic engineering Essay examples640 Words   |  3 Pages The case for and against genetic engineering I will look at the case for and against the use of genetic engineering and make a conclusion on whether or not I believe that it is right. As I believe in genetic engineering, I will start buy looking at the reasons that support it. The main reason that I support genetic engineering is that this technology has dramatically improved our ability to treat and even cure diseases and gentic disorders. If mRNA is isolated andRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler. Designer Babies, a form of human genetic engineering, should be banned. 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Rancho Solano Private School ( Rsps ) - 1327 Words

Rancho Solano Private School (RSPS) had the reputation of being a high level academic institution which had a robust and advanced curriculum. RSPS was recognized as having high quality educators as well as a state-of-art campus. In 2007, the private school joined with the Meritas Family of Schools. In 2010, RSPS started its’ International Baccalaureate Programme School. In 2013, RSPS’s reputation started to decline with the sudden retirement announcement of the head of the school and the concern within the community that the school was closing. Continued poor communication, inadequate fiscal management and lack of honestly eventually led to the demise Meritas Family of Schools in Arizona. In order to restructure and reestablish the Meritas Family of Schools in Arizona, three subsystems within the organization need to be reformed. The governance subsystem needs to clearly identify their core values, create an open and honest atmosphere, as well as consistently support th eir educators and curriculum by providing policies and resources to meet the needs of the organization (Reigeluth, 1995). The administrative subsystem needs to identify and support the development of a robust curriculum, as well as work in collaboration with the community, staff, parents and students to identify and maintain the goals of the organization. The instructional subsystem will need to design programs that are aligned with the state standards and offer high standards of education that will engageShow MoreRelatedCollege Preparatory School : An Exciting Period Of Growth1479 Words   |  6 PagesWhy would a school that prides itself on being â€Å"engaged in an exciting period of growth† (Carney, Sandoe Associates, 2013, para. 3) and â€Å"operating under the slogan â€Å"Four Campuses in One Great School† (Carney et al., 2013, para. 2) make the decision to close two of its campuses? Rancho Solano, a for profit college preparatory school, recently made the decision to close two locations leaving parents, students, and faculty wondering why. According to Dr. Menard, head of the schools, consolidatingRead MoreThe General Environmental Issues Facing Rancho Solano1017 Words   |  5 PagesIn reviewing the situation, the general environmental issues facing Rancho Solano are economic and social-cultural matters. The specific environmental forces include primarily the stakeholders—the students, their families, and faculty. The general environmental issues have put strain on the Gilbert and Hillcrest campuses because â€Å"keeping a private school in business and expanding can be a challenge. Enrollment in private schools has declined about 9 percent in Maricopa County in the past five yearsRead MoreCase Study Analysis : Human Resource Management1400 Words   |  6 Pageswill delve into the Rancho Solana Private School, who recently experienced reorganization and restructuring. These changes created controversy amongst the stake holders. With the recent controversy surrounding the educational institution, should Rancho Solano be tasks to make changes to the subsystems to avoid employee turnover and attract quality educators with a focus on professional development? 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The Cost of Communication Security Issues - 558 Words

Cost of communication security issue Although mobilize workforce such as mobile phone or laptop computer giving an opportunity for company and employees to maximize recourses. Nerveless, it also exhibits a security risk that may cost a loss to the organization. At best, the organization could get the financial losses or data losses. At worst, the result for an organization may be lost productivities and negative publicity. The results for communication security issue will be discussed separate in the following section. a. Leaking information Leaking information through mobility and social network has become one of the most important damages to organization due to the leaking information by their employees. Employee’s irresponsible use of social media such as Facebook or twitter can cause damage of organization in terms of putting company’s networks under the risk of malware. The consequence for leaking information can be small as loss opportunity; also can be larger as organization’s security. For example, according to the news in 2010, â€Å"British Ministry of Defence staff has leaked secret information onto social-networking sites sixteen times in 18 months.† (Mansfield, 2010). The information leakage will both benefit the adversaries and detriment the organizations. Leaking information are not only for company, To make it worse, Facebook profiles are now available to be downloaded from torrent sites exposing more than 170 million users’ information globally (Paul, 2010).Show MoreRel atedThe Advantage of VPN Security and Design735 Words   |  3 Pagesorganization ensures security that non-authenticated user can intercept the encrypted data. This article will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages when VPN comes to its security and design to a higher level of secure communication when compared to other remote methods of communications, the cost to set up VPNs within an organization, and the scalability and flexibility in terms of growing with the company and adding new users to the network. The advantage of VPN security and design is thatRead MoreInformation Technology for Business1449 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness to conduct commerce across the US and on a global scale (Munson, 2011). Office technologies have advanced and have allowed business to advance to a point of doing business with global customers, not just their own areas. It has created a communication standard that is faster and enables businesses to conduct business at faster levels than ever before. But with new technologies problems also arise that need to be addressed. 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For example, according to Huang, Zhan, and Liu, (2013), the manufacturing in China, specifically the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, processes increasing business operating costs because of currencyRead MoreMgmt 404 Project Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-4 Work breakdown structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Network diagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....6 Risk management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-8 Resource management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Communication management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9-10 Scope Statement Project Overview Statement Executive Summary ________________________________________ Project Name: Self-checking registers Department: Bookstore Last Updated: NovemberRead MoreOutlook 2015 For The Ict Sector1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ICT sector Definition Information and Communication Technology is defined as convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks using a link system. 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Transaction cost holds importance in online purchasing. Economies in transaction cost leads to subscribe for online video content. There are certain factors that affect transaction cost. These fa ctors include uncertainty, frequency and security. Uncertainty is associated with unpredictable

Managerial Accounting And The Certified Management

Managerial accounting is used by an organization to ensure informed decisions are made regarding current and future operations. Businessmen and women must have the ability to comprehend financial information provided to properly determine the correct course of action. In the global market of today, an organization’s inability to accurately determine the best course of action can lead to financial ruin for the company. Uninformed decisions by leadership can derail a business’ prospects for success in the future. Business leaders must understand the differences between managerial and financial accounting, additional information needed for internal purposes, the evolution of managerial accounting, and the Certified Management (CMA)†¦show more content†¦An example of this is preparing next year’s budget in the current year so leaders are informed of any constraints in the upcoming year. Documents created in financial accounting must adhere to regulation s such as GAAP and IFRS. Once completed, these documents are verified by a certified public accountant (CPA) annually. These reports are summaries of the organization’s performance as a unit and concentrate on sufficient disclosure of required information. Managerial accounting documents are not regulated by guiding principles. They are generally presented in a cost benefit analysis format. There is no audit of these documents as they are for internal use only. These reports are more detailed than the documents in financial accounting and often provide performance information on each department and shift of an organization over a relatively short time frame. The goal of this information is to provide any course corrections before issues or problems become out of control. These differences in the sectors of accounting lead to a difference in the need and use of information for internal purposes. Since managerial accounting is intended for different recipients than financial accounting, the type of information needed and used in managerial accounting is different. Managerial accounting involves cost management, activity management, and investment management. Cost accounting is a shared input between financial and management accounting. The informationShow MoreRelatedThe Different Roles Of The Accounting Profession1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Different Roles of the Accounting Profession Module by: Link-Systems International, Inc.. E-mail the author Summary: Demo/Sample Learning Object in Accounting Note: You are viewing an old style version of this document. The new style version is available here. 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Jackie robinson 4 Essay Example For Students

Jackie robinson 4 Essay The Great One He struck a mighty blow for equality, freedom and the American way of life. Jackie Robinson was a good citizen, a great man, and the true American champion. Ronald Reagon. I dont know if anyone could have summarized his life better. Jackie was a great influence to the American public. To over came diversity and succeed is a great accomplishment. Jackie Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia, January 31 1919. He went to college at the University of UCLA. Where he was a star in four sports basketball, baseball, football, and track. He is the only bruin to letter in four sports. After college he went to pursue a career in the Army. He soon became a lieutenant. He was put on honorable discharge for seating in a white person seat in the Army bus. In 1947, he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers to become the first African-American to play modern day baseball. He won rookie of the year, and was only the begging for the awards he would receive. He later receive MVP, and elected into the Hall Of Fame. He brought many kinds of fans to the game if baseball. His style of playing brought excitement back to the game. As much of the world like to watch him there were some who hated him. He received much hate mail from all kinds of people. He received letters threaten to kill him if he was to step on their hometown field with the other white players. A fellow baseball player from the opposing team slid into him putting a big gash in his knee that would take him out of the game. He was not the first black player in the major league baseball; neither was he the first black star athlete. Words cannot describe what he brought to the game of baseball and the rest of America. His success in baseball proved that blacks and white can coexist, and corporate well together. His importance to the public was more then just playing baseball. Robinsons importance continues after his baseball career. After he retired in 1956, he became active in the NAACP and the civil rights movement. He put forth his baseball career and decade his life to improving African Americans status in society. Many black people looked for to him for help and support. He didnt care what people thought of him. Fir example, while he was on the road with his baseball team his refusal to sit in the black section of a hotel resulted in the integration of many white hotels around the states. Robinson was setting the example for the rest of his followers to follow. He would later serve as a special assistant for civil rights Governor Nelson Rockefeller. He also was vice president of a restaurant chain in New York. His achievements were great. Today when you see blacks and whites on the same field or working together thank Jackie for that. .

Black Panthers Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Black Panthers Essay, Research Paper . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; Use of Nitrogen as a Fertilizer In 1898, the president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Sir William Crookes, startled a distinguished scientific audience when he declared during his presidential reference that # 8220 ; England and all civilised states stand in deathly hazard of non holding plenty to eat. # 8221 ; The deathly hazard that Sir William foresaw was the inability of husbandmans to fulfill the increasing demand for nutrient given current supplies of N. At the clip of Sir William # 8217 ; s reference, the chief beginnings of N fertilisers were sodium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Sodium nitrate was obtained from huge sedimentations of nitrate-bearing stones, called hardpan, that had been discovered in Chile at the beginning of the 19th century. Ammonium sulphate was obtained from coal gas. Other beginnings of N included sewerage, guano ( bird dungs ) , and manure, but these were of worsening importance. Sir William suggested that to run into the universe # 8217 ; s increasing N demands, chemists must develop methods for unnaturally repairing atmospheric N. A successful response to this challenge was made by the German scientist Fritz Haber. Haber created a method for synthesising ammonium hydroxide from N and H, which was later developed into an industrial procedure by the industrial chemist Carl Bosch and became known as the Haber-Bosch method. At the beginning of the First World War, the estimated universe one-year production of N fertilisers was about 0.6 million dozenss, compared to universe production of 2.5 and 1.0 million dozenss of P and K fertilisers, severally. Today, chiefly because of the Haber- Bosch procedure, this tendency has been reversed. Presently, the United States entirely yearly produces about 12 million dozenss of N fertilisers, compared with 10 million dozenss of P and merely 2 million dozenss of K fertilisers. With today # 8217 ; s high inputs of N fertilisers, American husbandmans routinely achieve degrees of harvest productiveness that would hold seemed unlikely to Sir William Crookes and his fellow scientists. In the past 50 old ages, for illustration, the mean one-year outputs of maize in the United States have increased by a factor of four or five. This progress in agricultural productiveness, and the fertiliser usage upon which it depends, is indispensable if the universe # 8217 ; s population is to be sustained. Unfortunately, these additions have incurred environmental costs ; some N applied to harvests flights to land and surface Waterss, sometimes with detrimental effects. Nitrogen in Plants, Soil, and Groundwater Good harvest outputs depend on an equal supply of N. Most nonlegume harvests require added N to accomplish the outputs required today. Missing sufficient N, workss normally become xanthous and stunted, with smaller than mean flowers and fruits. For illustration, grain harvests grown with unequal N produce a hapless output with low protein content. Without N fertilisers, an estimated tierce of our current agricultural production would be lost. Under most conditions, nevertheless, husbandmans supply more than twice the N required by a harvest to accomplish the best outputs. Unfortunately, much of the applied N is nomadic in dirt and may be carried to groundwater, perchance polluting imbibing H2O supplies. ( See Cornell Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet 400.02, Nitrate Health Effects in Drinking Water, for a treatment of this issue. ) Understanding the chemical science of N in dirts can assist husbandmans provide sufficient N for harvest demands without losing inordinate sums to implicit in groundwater. Forms of Soil Nitrogen. Nitrogen occurs of course in many signifiers. In the dirt, it exists in two major categories of compounds: Organic N, such as proteins, aminic acids, and urea, including N found within life beings and disintegrating works and animate being tissues. Inorganic N, including ammonium ( NH4+ ) , ammonia gas ( NH3 ) , nitrite ( N02 ) , and nitrate ( N03 ) . Within these two signifiers, there are many different N compounds. Some are soluble and others are comparatively indissoluble ; some are nomadic in dirt and others are immobile ; and some are available for works consumption and others are non. Nitrogen in dirt is continually being transformed among these assorted signifiers through a complex web of physical, chemical, and biological reactions jointly called the N rhythm. The Nitrogen Cycle. The nitrogen rhythm in dirt includes the undermentioned procedures, in which microbes play a important function ( fig 1. See fact sheet ) : Arrested development. Ninety per centum of the Earth # 8217 ; s N is in the ambiance in the signifier of dinitrogen gas ( N2 ) . Gaseous N is chemically stable and unserviceable by most biological beings. Some species of bacteriums absorb atmospheric dinitrogen gas and change over it into ammonium, which workss can utilize. This procedure, called N arrested development, is the chief natural agencies by which atmospheric N is added to the dirt. Mineralization. As works and other organic residues decompose, N is converted to ammonium by dirt micro-organisms through a procedure known as mineralization. Plant roots absorb some of the ammonium, and some is chemically converted to gaseous ammonium hydroxide and lost to the ambiance. Nitrification. Bacteria transform the ammonium in the dirt to nitrite and so to nitrate in a sequence of stairss called nitrification. Plant consumption. Nitrate is a negatively charged anion and hence normally remains in the dirt H2O instead than being adsorbed to dirty atoms. Plants readily absorb nitrate through their roots and utilize it to bring forth protein. Leaching. The nitrate non captured by works roots is free to travel with dirt H2O. This can ensue in important leaching, or motion of the nitrate to deeper dirt deepnesss. Denitrification. Where there is a shortage of O in the dirt, called an anaerobiotic status, some bacteriums meet their energy demands by cut downing nitrate to dinitrogen gas or to nitrogen oxide ( N2O ) . This biological procedure is called denitrification. It consequences in a loss of N from the dirt and the return of N to the ambiance. Destiny of Nitrogen in the Field In the dirt of any farm field, N is in a uninterrupted province of flux. Losses occur when harvests are removed for farm animal provender or human nutrient, which frequently is consumed far from the land on which it was produced. Surface overflow and attendant dirt eroding can besides do important losingss of dirt N. Other losingss occur through volatilization of ammonium hydroxide and leaching or denitrification of nitrate. Three types of inputs can counterbalance for N losingss in farm Fieldss: ( 1 ) fertilisation, ( 2 ) N arrested development by leguminous plants, and ( 3 ) supplementation with manure or other organic affair high in N. Farm direction of dirt N depends on an apprehension of these inputs and end products so that harvest demands can be adequately met without inordinate N losingss to the environment. Gaseous Losingss of Nitrogen. In cultivated Fieldss, N is converted into gas and released into the ambiance in two ways. First, when urea and ammonium signifiers of fertilisers ( such as anhydrous ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and ammoniated phosphates ) are deposited on moist surfaces, they may undergo a series of chemical transitions to ammonia. The ammonium hydroxide gas so escapes to the ambiance instead than going a works food. This loss, termed volatilization, is reduced if the fertiliser is washed into the dirt by rain or irrigation or if the fertiliser is drilled into the dirt to a deepness of an inch or more. The 2nd path by which N is lost to the ambiance is through denitrification. If pockets in the dirt become saturated with H2O so that O is excluded, denitrifying bacteriums can cut down the nitrate to dinitrogen or nitrogen oxide gas. Poorly drained and heavy dirts are peculiarly prone to denitrification, and a significant sum of applied N may be lost to the ambiance. In some nonagricultural instances, denitrification is good. In infected armored combat vehicles and leaching Fieldss, for illustration, denitrification releases nitrogen to the air as a gas, cut downing the sum of nitrate available for possible taint of land and surface Waterss. Conversion of Nitrogen to a Plant-Available Form. Merely inorganic N can be absorbed by workss. The greater portion of N in the field, nevertheless, is normally in organic signifier such as proteins and aminic acids. Under normal conditions in the Northern hemisphere, merely about 2 or 3 per centum of the organic N in dirt is converted to inorganic N each twelvemonth. The natural decay of organic affair provides a slow but uninterrupted supply of N, which tends to be taken up by workss instead than lost to the ambiance or to H2O. Legumes can supplement dirt N supplies by repairing N from the ambiance. This is accomplished by nitrogen-fixing bacteriums populating in nodules on the works roots. Leaching of Nitrate. Nitrate does non adsorb strongly to dirty atoms. If non taken up by workss, nitrate will be either denitrified or carried below the root zone, possibly to groundwater. Factors that determine whether nitrate will make groundwater include: the sum of nitrate in the dirt, the measure and timing of rainfall or irrigation, the dirt # 8217 ; s capacity to keep H2O, the presence and denseness of workss, the rates of infiltration and infiltration of H2O through the dirt, the rate of evapotranspiration relation to precipitation and irrigation, and the dirt temperature. In the eastern United States, the chance for nitrate leaching is greatest in early spring and in the autumn. Rainfall tends to be frequent and heavy during these seasons, and the low rates of works growing and evapotranspiration license more of the added H2O to leach downward to groundwater. Plant consumption of dissolved foods besides is low during these periods, so leaching losingss tend to be high. Soil type is a major factor act uponing the grade to which nitrate is lost to groundwater. Sandy or other really good drained dirts are most vulnerable to leaching losingss. Farmers can make small to alter the character of the dirts in their Fieldss. Likewise, they have no control ove r the vagaries of the conditions. What, so, can husbandmans make to conserve a valuable harvest food while minimising nitrate taint of groundwater? Fertilize Crops, Not Groundwater To utilize fertiliser N right, take the undermentioned stairss for nonlegume harvests: Establish a realistic end for harvest output, and from this end gauge the sum of N that the harvest must roll up. Estimate the sum of N that will be supplied by the mineralization of dirt organic N and harvest residues. Use any available manure N to supplement the dirt and harvest residue supplies. If necessary, supplement these nitrogen beginnings with adequate fertiliser to run into the output end for the peculiar harvest. Apply any needful fertiliser merely before the period of most rapid harvest consumption to minimise leaching and denitrification. These stairss are to the full described in the Cornell Field Crops and Soils Handbook, the 1990 Cornell Recommends for Field Crops, and two fact sheets by Klausner and Bouldin ( see # 8220 ; For Further Reading # 8221 ; for mention information ) . One method of increasing the efficiency of fertiliser usage and diminishing the sum lost to groundwater is to detain a part of the nitrogen application until the harvest is turning instead than using it all at the clip of seting ( fig. 2. See fact sheet ) . Field experiments have shown that dividing fertiliser applications can increase the efficiency of N usage, maintain harvest outputs, and lessening fertiliser costs. Another technique for run intoing harvest demands while diminishing leaching losingss is to provide N in an organic signifier such as manure or leguminous plant residues. Because organic N is bit by bit converted into inorganic N, merely little sums are in a soluble signifier susceptible to leaching at any one clip. It is estimated that the sum of atmospheric N taken up by leguminous plants approximately equals the sum removed by reaping. If harvested hay is removed from the farm, so dirt N should stay about changeless. If the hay is fed to animate beings on the farm, about one-half of the N can be returned to the Fieldss if the manure is handled carefully. To avoid inordinate N losingss through volatilization, overflow, and leaching, follow these processs in managing manures: Collect manure every bit shortly as possible after it is deposited, and conserve the liquid part. Shop manure under conditions that prevent drying or drainage Apply manure to the field near to the clip of planting, so that the available N will be taken up by workss instead than leached, lost to the ambiance, or converted to organic signifiers. Plow manure under every bit shortly as possible after distributing to minimise ammonia volatilization. ( See the two fact sheets by Klausner and Bouldin for more information on manure direction. ) Decisions Nitrogen is likely to be in short supply for harvest production unless supplemented by legume harvest residues or by the application of fertilisers, manures, or other high-nitrogen stuffs. Nitrogen repairing microbes replenish dirt N by change overing the comparatively inert N of the ambiance into a signifier that can be used by populating beings. Since biological arrested development of N is non normally sufficient to run into the demands of intensive harvest production, nevertheless, extra beginnings may be needed. Fertilization strategies should be designed to run into harvest N needs without losing inordinate sums of N to groundwater. This is accomplished by gauging N demands and run intoing these demands every bit much as possible with manure or other organic beginnings. The greatest potency for nitrate leaching occurs if fertiliser is applied at a clip when no harvests are turning, such as during spring planting or in the autumn after crop. Leaching losingss can be reduced by using N in increases during the periods of rapid works growing. Using manure or slow- release fertilisers besides limits leaching.losses because plant-available ( and leachable ) N is supplied bit by bit instead than all at one time. Even with these beginnings, nevertheless, leaching can happen if the N supplied exceeds the ability of the harvest to utilize it. Turning leguminous plants and utilizing organic dirt amendments enrich the dirt with organic N, which does non leach and provides a uninterrupted supply of plant- available N as it slowly decomposes. Adding organic affair to dirty provides extra benefits by heightening the dirt # 8217 ; s ability to retain H2O and dissolved foods in the root zone where they are available to workss. Protecting organic surface soils from eroding, supplying organic dirt amendments, and pull offing H2O and fertiliser applications for upper limit works consumption will take to efficient fertiliser usage and protection of groundwater quality. Basic Information Name: Nitrogen Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Mass: 14.00674 amu Melting Point: -209.9? C ( 63.250008? K, -345.81998? F ) Boiling Point: -195.8? C ( 77.35? K, -320.44? F ) Number of Protons/Electrons: 7 Number of Neutrons: 7 Categorization: Non-metal Crystal Structure: Hexangular Density @ 293 K: 1.2506 g/cm3 Color: colorless Facts Date of Discovery: 1772 Inventor: Daniel Rutherford Name Origin: Grecian Uses: signifiers most of atmosphere Obtained From: from liquid air Description Nitrogen is a Group 15 component. Nitrogen makes up approximately 78 % of the ambiance by volume. The ambiance of Mars contains less than 3 % N. Nitrogen can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillment from air. The component seemed so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, intending # 8220 ; without life # 8221 ; . However, its compounds are critical constituents of nutrients, fertilisers, and explosives. Nitrogen gas is colorless, odorless, and by and large inert. As a liquid it is besides colorless and odorless, and is similar in visual aspect to H2O. When N is heated, it combines straight with Mg, Li, or Ca. When assorted with O and subjected to electric flickers, it forms azotic oxide ( NO ) and so the dioxide ( NO2 ) . When heated under force per unit area with H in the presence of a suited accelerator, ammonium hydroxide signifiers ( Haber procedure ) . Nitrogen is # 8220 ; fixed # 8221 ; from the ambiance by bacteriums in the roots of certain workss such as trefoil. Hence the utility of trefoil in harvest rotary motion. General information Inventor: Daniel Rutherford Date discovered: 1772 Discovered at: Scotland Meaning of name: From the Greek words # 8220 ; nitron cistrons # 8221 ; intending # 8220 ; nitre # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; organizing # 8221 ; and the Latin word # 8220 ; nitrum # 8221 ; ( nitre is a common name for K nitrate, KNO # ) Physical informations Standard province: gas at 298 K Color: colorless Density of solid at ambient temperature/kg m-3: no informations Molar volume/cm3: 13.54 Temperatures ( /K ) runing point: 63.05 boiling point: 77.36 I. Introduction Nitrogen, symbol N, gaseous component that makes up the largest part of the Earth # 8217 ; s atmosphere. The atomic figure of N is 7. Nitrogen is in group 15 ( or Va ) of the periodic table Nitrogen was isolated by the British doctor Daniel Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an elemental gas by the Gallic chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier about 1776. II. Properties Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, atoxic gas. It can be condensed into a colorless liquid, which can in bend be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid. Nitrogen exists in two natural isotopic signifiers, and four radioactive isotopes have been unnaturally prepared. Nitrogen thaws at -210.01? C ( -346.02? F ) , boils at -195.79? C ( -320.42? F ) , and has a denseness of 1.251 g/liter at 0? C ( 32? F ) and 1 atmosphere force per unit area. The atomic weight of N is 14.007. Nitrogen is obtained from the ambiance by go throughing air over heated Cu or Fe. The O is removed from the air, go forthing N asso rted with inert gases. Pure N is obtained by fractional distillment of liquid air ; because liquid N has a lower boiling point than liquid O, the N distills off first and can be collected. Nitrogen composes about four-fifths ( 78.03 per centum ) by volume of the ambiance. Nitrogen is inert and serves as a dilutant for O in combustion and respiration procedures. It is an of import component in works nutrition ; certain bacteriums in the dirt convert atmospheric N into a signifier, such as nitrate, that can be absorbed by workss, a procedure called nitrogen arrested development. Nitrogen in the signifier of protein is an of import component of carnal tissue. The component occurs in the combined province in minerals, of which potassium nitrate ( KNO3 ) and Chile potassium nitrate ( NaNO3 ) are commercially of import merchandises. Nitrogen combines with other elements merely at really high temperatures or force per unit areas. It is converted to an active signifier by go throughing thro ugh an electric discharge at low force per unit area. The N so produced is really active, uniting with alkali metals to organize azides ; with the vapour of Zn, quicksilver Cd, and arsenic to organize nitrides ; and with many hydrocarbons to organize hydrocyanic acid and nitriles, besides known as cyanides. Activated N returns to ordinary N in about one minute. In the combined province N takes portion in many reactions ; it forms so many compounds that a systematic strategy of compounds incorporating N in topographic point of O was created by the American chemist Edward Franklin. In compounds nitrogen exists in all the valency provinces between -3 and +5. Ammonia, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine represent compounds in which the valency of N is -3, -2, and -1, severally. Oxides of nitrogen represent N in all the positive valency provinces. III. Uses Most of the N used in the chemical industry is obtained by the fractional distillment of liquid air. It is so used to synthesise ammonium hydroxide. From ammonium hydroxide produced in this mode, a broad assortment of of import chemical merchandises are prepared, including fertilisers, azotic acid, urea, hydrazine, and aminoalkanes. In add-on, an ammonium hydroxide compound is used in the readying of azotic oxide ( N2O ) a colorless gas popularly known as express joying gas. Assorted with O, azotic oxide is used as an anaesthetic for some types of surgery. Used as a coolant, liquid N has found widespread application in the field of cryogenies. With the recent coming of ceramic stuffs that become superconductive at the boiling point of N, the usage of N as a coolant is increasing ( see Superconductivity ) .